It seems that qvm-backup produces a corrupt tar file, or the included tar has a bug. It seems to include data, but only one file will show up in list or extract.
My system is a recently updated 3.2.
# To reproduce, run in dom0:
qvm-create -t fedora-23 -l red test-bu
qvm-start test-bu
qvm-run test-bu 'echo "This text should be included in backup." > examplefile'
qvm-run -p test-bu 'ls -l e*; cat examplefile'
# Shows file and text
qvm-run test-bu 'sudo shutdown 0'
mkdir bu
qvm-backup bu test-bu
# Choose 'y', empty passphrase
tar tvf bu/qubes-*
# Shows only backup-header, size 94 bytes, no other file.
# Extracting the tar file produces only backup-header.
# However, the tar file has size 563200 bytes.
Well, it also lists the VMS that are about to be backed up, for confirmation. The test-bu VM was listed, and no other VMs.
Also, if the VM was not included in the backup, why is the backup file so much larger than what it supposedly contains?
The -i (--ignore-zeros) parameter is missing in the tar command.