Funny, I've just been posting a series of videos about different QLab tricks from a recent festival show, and one includes what I think is exactly what you're describing?
As in the video description, exactly as you describe the text layers that are displaying the scores are themselves used as the variable to be changed. You just need to get the text from the cue, make sure it is being treated as an integer, and then you can do your maths on the value.
This is what the 'correct' cue script looked like:
tell application id "com.figure53.QLab.5" to tell front workspace
if cue "saleBuzzer1" is running then
set CueTarget to "SaleCont1"
else if cue "saleBuzzer2" is running then
set CueTarget to "SaleCont2"
else if cue "saleBuzzer3" is running then
set CueTarget to "SaleCont3"
else
stop cue "Plus5"
end if
set theScore to the text of cue CueTarget
set theScore to theScore + 5
set text of cue CueTarget to theScore
end tell
You'll notice that the first thing it does is works out which contestant's buzzer is currently illuminated - the easiest way of determining who the score should be applied to.