For some reason R isn't seeing your environment variables. What happens when you run your command explicitly setting the env variable with this?
env SOURCETRACKER_PATH='/home/michal/Projects/Scripts/sourcetracker-0.9.5/' R --slave --vanilla --args -i filtered_otu_table_2OTUs.txt -m USB.map.Day6.txt -o sourcetracker_out < $SOURCETRACKER_PATH/sourcetracker_for_qiime.r
or for a simpler test, this?
echo "print(Sys.getenv('TESTVAR2')); q()" | env TESTVAR2='Hello world' R --no-save --vanilla
The second command should print "Hello world" (plus maybe some R startup output).