MFnMesh has a getClosestPoint method, which will return the face id (among other things, including the specific surface hit-point) of the closest face. You can use the same class to "getPolygonVertices" using the face id. Then just get the skin weights per vertex, however you choose, for those verts. After that Im not super sure, maybe a weighted average of the skin weights based on your hit-points proximity to each of the poly verts?
Phil