"ORA-02291" is "Integrity Constraint,parent Key Not Found"
So I'm inferring that "had a data issue with a child table" means that you tried to insert children that had no parent.
In one proposed work-around, you are asking to be able to "run a different sql which would fix the issue, then reprocess". I'm therefore assuming that your petl Table contains values for all required columns in both tables
Two ways to approach this:
1) fromdb(<parent table key colunns>).recordcomplement(<distinct parent table key columns from your petl Table>) joined back to all parent table columns from your petl Table and appenddb() that to the parent before the appenddb() to the child table
2) Instead of appenddb(), iterate over your petl Table with records() and process the parent, then the child, with e.g. SQLAlchemy