Surface Prototyp Mit Zwei Displays
Anastacia Rheinhardt
To facilitate the design of Sprayable User Interfaces, we present a toolkit, which is integrated into a 3D editor and supports designers in creating artwork with interactive elements, such as integrated electroluminescent displays, proximity sensors and touch buttons and sliders. On export, the toolkit generates either a set of fabricated stencils (high-precision spraying on simple flat and singly curved surfaces) that the designer cuts from cardboard and adheres to the surface before spraying, or a set of projected stencils (less precise, but work for complex doubly-curved surfaces) that are displayed onto the surface via a projection pattern. After generating the stencils, designers spray each layer using a standard airbrush machine, attach a microcontroller to the user interface, and the interface is ready to be used.
In this paper, we explore the use of spraying as a fabrication technique for making large-scale interactive surfaces. These interactive surfaces contain input elements, such as touch sensors, sliders, and proximity sensors, as well as output elements, such as electroluminescent displays.
For both methods, if the stencil size exceeds the dimensions of the cutting device or projector, the stencils can be tiled into smaller partitions that can be cut on separate sheets or projected one after another. Once each stencil part is sprayed on the surface of the object, the resulting sprayed sensors/displays form one large element.
In the final step, designers attach the microcontroller to the wall using copper tape. To facilitate the development of Sprayable User Interfaces, we created the Graffiti Shield (Figure 10) that can be added to an Arduino Uno and contains all necessary electronics to control 6 touch buttons, sliders, or proximity sensors, and controls 2 electroluminescent touch displays. The code that runs on the Graffiti Shield controls the touch signals and the display segments over Serial communication, which can be used in application prototyping platforms, such as Processing.
Programmable matter is a proposed digital material having computation, sensing, actuation, and display as continuous properties active over its whole extent. Programmable matter would have many exciting applications, like paintable displays, shape-changing robots and tools, rapid prototyping, and sculpture-based haptic interfaces. Programmable matter would be composed of millimeter-scale autonomous microsystem particles, without internal moving parts, bound by electromagnetic forces or an adhesive binder.
We constructed a prototype sliding-cube modular robot, with 3.4 cm nodes. The system uses magnetic surface-drive actuation. We demonstrate horizontal lattice-unit translation. We describe a design, not yet constructed, for a sliding-cube modular robot with 2 mm nodes. The cubes use standard-process CMOS IC's, inserted into a cubic space frame and wire-bonded together. Arrays of passivated electrodes, 1 _m from the surface of the cubes, are used for electrostatic surface-drive actuation, zero-power latching, power transfer, localization, and communication. The design allows actuation from any contacting position. Energy is stored in a standard SMT capacitor inside each node, which is recharged by power transfer through chains of contacting nodes.
The optical effect of a TN device in the voltage-on state is far less dependent on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off state. Because of this, TN displays with low information content and no backlighting are usually operated between crossed polarizers such that they appear bright with no voltage (the eye is much more sensitive to variations in the dark state than the bright state). As most of 2010-era LCDs are used in television sets, monitors and smartphones, they have high-resolution matrix arrays of pixels to display arbitrary images using backlighting with a dark background. When no image is displayed, different arrangements are used. For this purpose, TN LCDs are operated between parallel polarizers, whereas IPS LCDs feature crossed polarizers. In many applications IPS LCDs have replaced TN LCDs, particularly in smartphones. Both the liquid crystal material and the alignment layer material contain ionic compounds. If an electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a long period of time, this ionic material is attracted to the surfaces and degrades the device performance. This is avoided either by applying an alternating current or by reversing the polarity of the electric field as the device is addressed (the response of the liquid crystal layer is identical, regardless of the polarity of the applied field).
In 1972, the concept of the active-matrix thin-film transistor (TFT) liquid-crystal display panel was prototyped in the United States by T. Peter Brody's team at Westinghouse, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[55] In 1973, Brody, J. A. Asars and G. D. Dixon at Westinghouse Research Laboratories demonstrated the first thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD).[56][57] As of 2013[update], all modern high-resolution and high-quality electronic visual display devices use TFT-based active matrix displays.[58] Brody and Fang-Chen Luo demonstrated the first flat active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) in 1974, and then Brody coined the term "active matrix" in 1975.[51]
Head-worn displays provide a challenging set of requirements for the optical components. The optics must be lightweight, operate in unusual non-inline configurations, and be cost effective to manufacture. In this section, we will review the different types of optical components that may be used to meet the design requirements, specifically holographic and diffractive optical elements and aspheric and freeform surfaces.
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