16 Bits Number

[Nell Barreto]

Incomputing, the least significant bit (LSb) is the bit position in a binary integer representing the binary 1s place of the integer. Similarly, the most significant bit (MSb) represents the highest-order place of the binary integer. The LSb is sometimes referred to as the low-order bit or right-most bit, due to the convention in positional notation of writing less significant digits further to the right. The MSb is similarly referred to as the high-order bit or left-most bit. In both cases, the LSb and MSb correlate directly to the least significant digit and most significant digit of a decimal integer.

Bit indexing correlates to the positional notation of the value in base 2. For this reason, bit index is not affected by how the value is stored on the device, such as the value's byte order. Rather, it is a property of the numeric value in binary itself. This is often utilized in programming via bit shifting: A value of 1

In digital steganography, sensitive messages may be concealed by manipulating and storing information in the least significant bits of an image or a sound file. The user may later recover this information by extracting the least significant bits of the manipulated pixels to recover the original message. This allows the storage or transfer of digital information to remain concealed.

The expressions most significant bit first and least significant bit at last are indications on the ordering of the sequence of the bits in the bytes sent over a wire in a serial transmission protocol or in a stream (e.g. an audio stream).

Most significant bit first means that the most significant bit will arrive first: hence e.g. the hexadecimal number 0x12, 00010010 in binary representation, will arrive as the sequence 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 .

Least significant bit first means that the least significant bit will arrive first: hence e.g. the same hexadecimal number 0x12, again 00010010 in binary representation, will arrive as the (reversed) sequence 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0.

When the bit numbering starts at zero for the least significant bit (LSb) the numbering scheme is called LSb 0.[1] This bit numbering method has the advantage that for any unsigned number the value of the number can be calculated by using exponentiation with the bit number and a base of 2.[2] The value of an unsigned binary integer is therefore

and so on ..this pattern continues ...So, all I want to extract each pixel and make an entire array of having each pixels to be occupied wholy in on WHOLE BYTE ( of 16 bits ) like..1 byte should contain 1 DATA PIXEL, the other BYTE should contain other PIXEL value in whole 16 bits and so on so forth.

A bit (binary digit) is the smallest unit of data that a computer can process and store. A bit is always in one of two physical states, similar to an on/off light switch. The state is represented by a single binary value, usually a 0 or 1. However, the state might also be represented by yes/no, on/off or true/false. Bits are stored in memory through the use of capacitors that hold electrical charges. The charge determines the state of each bit, which, in turn, determines the bit's value.

Although a computer might be able to test and manipulate data at the bit level, most systems process and store data in bytes. A byte is a sequence of eight bits that are treated as a single unit. References to a computer's memory and storage are always in terms of bytes. For example, a storage device might be able to store 1 terabyte (TB) of data, which is equal to 1,000,000 megabytes (MB). To bring this into perspective, 1 MB equals 1 million bytes, or 8 million bits. That means a 1 TB drive can store 8 trillion bits of data.

Each bit in a byte is assigned a specific value, which is referred to as the place value. A byte's place values are used to determine the meaning of the byte as a whole, based on the individual bits. In other words, the byte values indicate what character is associated with that byte.

The place values are used in conjunction with the bit values to arrive at the byte's overall meaning. To calculate this value, the place values associated with each 1 bit are added together. This total corresponds to a character in the applicable character set. A single byte can support up to 256 unique characters, starting with the 00000000 byte and ending with the 11111111 byte. The various combinations of bit patterns provide a range of 0 to 255, which means that each byte can support up to 256 unique bit patterns.

For example, the uppercase "S" in the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) character set is assigned the decimal value of 83, which is equivalent to the binary value of 01010011. This figure shows the letter "S" byte and the corresponding place values.

The "S" byte includes four 1 bits and four 0 bits. When added together, the place values associated with 1 bits total 83, which corresponds to the decimal value assigned to the ASCII uppercase "S" character. The place values associated with the 0 bits are not added into the byte total.

Because a single byte supports only 256 unique characters, some character sets use multiple bytes per character. For example, Unicode Transformation Format character sets use between 1 and 4 bytes per character, depending on the specific character and character set. Despite these differences, however, all character sets rely on the convention of 8 bits per byte, with each bit in either a 1 or 0 state.

The term octet is sometimes used instead of byte, and the term nibble is occasionally used when referring to a 4-bit unit, although it's not as common as it once was. In addition, the term word is often used to describe two or more consecutive bytes. A word is usually 16, 32 or 64 bits long.

Note: The following information is providedin part by the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment(XSEDE), a National Science Foundation (NSF) project that provides researcherswith advanced digital resources and services that facilitatescientific discovery. For more, see the XSEDE website.

Because bits are so small, you rarely work with information one bit ata time. Bits are usually assembled into a group of eight to form abyte. A byte contains enough information to store asingle ASCII character, like "h".

Many hard drive manufacturers use a decimal number system to defineamounts of storage space. As a result, 1 MB is defined as one millionbytes, 1 GB is defined as one billion bytes, and so on. Since yourcomputer uses a binary system as mentioned above, you may notice adiscrepancy between your hard drive's published capacity and thecapacity acknowledged by your computer. For example, a hard drivethat is said to contain 10 GB of storage space using a decimal systemis actually capable of storing 10,000,000,000 bytes. However, in abinary system, 10 GB is 10,737,418,240 bytes. As a result, instead ofacknowledging 10 GB, your computer will acknowledge 9.31 GB. This is not a malfunction but a matter of differentdefinitions.

Note: The names and abbreviations for numbers ofbytes are easily confused with the notations for bits. Theabbreviations for numbers of bits use a lower-case "b" instead of anupper-case "B". Since one byte is made up of eight bits, thisdifference can be significant. For example, if a broadband Internetconnection is advertised with a download speed of3.0 Mbps, its speed is 3.0 megabitsper second, or 0.375 megabytes per second (whichwould be abbreviated as 0.375 MBps). Bits and bit rates(bits over time, as in bits per second [bps]) are most commonly usedto describe connection speeds, so pay particular attention whencomparing Internet connection providers and services.

This document was developed with support from National Science Foundation (NSF) grants 1053575 and 1548562. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NSF.

I need to write a constraint to check where an 8 bit request signal only changed 3 of those 8 bits between any two consecutive requests. Is there a way to write a constraint for this without having to save previous request value, xor it with...

I am looking for a function that gives the number of bits (or bytes) that a given data type uses on disk and could not find it so far. LV types use constant number of bits for each specific data type, e.g. a string is always 8 bit, a single numeric is 32 bit and a double is 64 bit. It would be helpful to have a function that takes any data type as input and gives back the number of bits used to save the data on disk.

With this function one could write VIs that read/write binary files generic. Without this function I have one VI that reads double numerics from a binary file (e.g. the 4th number is on positioin 4*8) and a different VI to read an U8 numeric (the 4th number is on poistion 4*1). The only difference between those two VIs is the constant for a doulbe (8 bytes) and a U( (1 byte).

With this I can change the VAR constant to a VAR Control and then use this VI as a subVI for any data that I want to write to a binary file. I then don't have to care about the byte number in the calling VI.

I think you are misunderstanding what the Count means for the Read Binary file. The count in the number of the wired data type to read. So having a double wired to the type will read Count doubles. So you are actually trying to read 8x more data than you need.

I performed the LV Core Lecture "Using binary files" yesterday and somehow misunderstood an important point - they read the file size in bytes of a binary file and divide it by the number of bytes per element to get the number of elements in the file. This number of elements is then wired to the Read from binary file function. I somehow thought it has to be done vice versa and hence came to the idea above.

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