As Martin observed, use of a nodes.pp file is only a convention (an old one). That file name does not have inherent significance to Puppet. You may be getting node definitions from some other file(s), instead.
However, I suspect what you're really describing is that there aren't any node blocks
at all. That is indeed a supported configuration, and one that is sometimes used. It is relatively common in conjunction with an
external node classifier, but it is sometimes used even without. Whether or not there are any node blocks or any external node classification, all code that appears at top scope in the site manifest applies to all nodes.
So yes, although of course I haven't seen your exact configuration, I have seen configurations like it, and others have, too. Did you have a more specific question about it?
John