Tv Pe Pc Romania 16
Evaristo Nicholls
Romania[a] is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe.[15][16][17] It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to the east, and the Black Sea to the southeast. It has a predominantly continental climate, and an area of 238,397 km2 (92,046 sq mi) with a population of 19 million people (2023). Romania is the twelfth-largest country in Europe and the sixth-most populous member state of the European Union. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, followed by Cluj-Napoca, Iași, Timișoara, Constanța, Craiova, Brașov, and Galați.
Romania is a high-income country,[20] with a very high Human Development Index[14] and a highly complex economy,[21] that is emerging to be a middle power in international affairs.[22][23] Romania ranked 47th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023.[24] Its economy ranks among the fastest growing in the European Union,[25] being the world's 41th largest by nominal GDP, and the 35th largest by PPP. Romanian citizens enjoy one of the fastest and cheapest internet speeds in the world.[26] Romania experienced rapid economic growth in the early 2000s; its economy is now based predominantly on services. It is a producer and net exporter of cars and electric energy through companies like Automobile Dacia and OMV Petrom. The majority of Romania's population are ethnic Romanians and religiously identify themselves as Eastern Orthodox Christians, speaking Romanian, a Romance language (more specifically Eastern Romance). Romania is a member of the United Nations, the European Union, the Schengen Area, NATO, the Council of Europe, BSEC and WTO.
"Romania" derives from the local name for Romanian (Romanian: romn), which in turn derives from Latin romanus, meaning "Roman" or "of Rome".[27] This ethnonym for Romanians is first attested in the 16th century by Italian humanists travelling in Transylvania, Moldavia, and Wallachia.[28][29][30] The oldest known surviving document written in Romanian that can be precisely dated, a 1521 letter known as the "Letter of Neacșu from Cmpulung",[31] is notable for including the first documented occurrence of Romanian in a country name: Wallachia is mentioned as Țara Rumnească.
Human remains found in Peștera cu Oase ("Cave with Bones"), radiocarbon date from circa 40,000 years ago, and represent the oldest known Homo sapiens in Europe.[32] Neolithic agriculture spread after the arrival of a mixed group of people from Thessaly in the 6th millennium BC.[33][34] Excavations near a salt spring at Lunca yielded the earliest evidence for salt exploitation in Europe; here salt production began between the 5th and 4th millennium BC.[35] The first permanent settlements developed into "proto-cities",[36] which were larger than 320 hectares (800 acres).[37][38]
Greek colonies established on the Black Sea coast in the 7th century BC became important centres of commerce with the local tribes.[41][42] Among the native peoples, Herodotus listed the Getae of the Lower Danube region, the Agathyrsi of Transylvania and the Syginnae of the plains along the river Tisza at the beginning of the 5th century BC.[43] Centuries later, Strabo associated the Getae with the Dacians who dominated the lands along the southern Carpathian Mountains in the 1st century BC.[44] Burebista was the first Dacian ruler to unite the local tribes.[44][45] He also conquered the Greek colonies in Dobruja and the neighbouring peoples as far as the Middle Danube and the Balkan Mountains between around 55 and 44 BC.[44][46] After Burebista was murdered in 44 BC, his kingdom collapsed.[44][47]
The Goths were expanding towards the Lower Danube from the 230s, forcing the native peoples to flee to the Roman Empire or to accept their suzerainty.[60][61][62] The Goths' rule ended abruptly when the Huns invaded their territory in 376, causing new waves of migrations.[60][62][63] The Huns forced the remnants of the local population into submission, but their empire collapsed in 454.[60][64] The Gepids took possession of the former Dacia province.[65][66] Place names that are of Slavic origin abound in Romania, indicating that a significant Slavic-speaking population lived in the territory.[67] The first Slavic groups settled in Moldavia and Wallachia in the 6th century,[68] in Transylvania around 600.[69] The nomadic Avars defeated the Gepids and established a powerful empire around 570.[60][70] The Bulgars, who also came from the European Pontic steppe, occupied the Lower Danube region in 680.[60]
After the Avar Khaganate collapsed in the 790s, the First Bulgarian Empire became the dominant power of the region, occupying lands as far as the river Tisa.[60] The First Bulgarian Empire had a mixed population consisting of the Bulgar conquerors, Slavs and Vlachs (or Romanians) but the Slavicisation of the Bulgar elite had already begun in the 9th century. Following the conquest of southern Transylvania around 830, people from the Bulgar Empire mined salt at the local salt mines.[71] The Council of Preslav declared Old Church Slavonic the language of liturgy in the country in 893.[72] The Vlachs also adopted Old Church Slavonic as their liturgical language.[73]
Byzantine missionaries proselytised in the lands east of the Tisa from the 940s[83] and Byzantine troops occupied Dobruja in the 970s.[84] The first king of Hungary, Stephen I, who supported Western European missionaries, defeated the local chieftains and established Roman Catholic bishoprics (office of a bishop) in Transylvania and Banat in the early 11th century.[85][86] Significant Pecheneg groups fled to the Byzantine Empire in the 1040s; the Oghuz Turks followed them, and the nomadic Cumans became the dominant power of the steppes in the 1060s.[87] Cooperation between the Cumans and the Vlachs against the Byzantine Empire is well documented from the end of the 11th century.[88] Scholars who reject the Daco-Roman continuity theory say that the first Vlach groups left their Balkan homeland for the mountain pastures of the eastern and southern Carpathians in the 11th century, establishing the Romanians' presence in the lands to the north of the Lower Danube.[89]
The Mongols destroyed large territories during their invasion of Eastern and Central Europe in 1241 and 1242.[99] The Mongols' Golden Horde emerged as the dominant power of Eastern Europe, but Bla IV of Hungary's land grant to the Knights Hospitallers in Oltenia and Muntenia shows that the local Vlach rulers were subject to the king's authority in 1247.[100][101] Basarab I of Wallachia united the Romanian polities between the southern Carpathians and the Lower Danube in the 1310s.[102] He defeated the Hungarian royal army in the Battle of Posada and secured the independence of Wallachia in 1330.[103][104] The second Romanian principality, Moldavia, achieved full autonomy during the reign of Bogdan I around 1360.[104] A local dynasty ruled the Despotate of Dobruja in the second half of the 14th century, but the Ottoman Empire took possession of the territory after 1388.[105]
Princes Mircea I and Vlad III of Wallachia, and Stephen III of Moldavia defended their countries' independence against the Ottomans. Most Wallachian and Moldavian princes paid a regular tribute to the Ottoman sultans from 1417 and 1456, respectively.[106][107] A military commander of Romanian origin, John Hunyadi, organised the defence of the Kingdom of Hungary until his death in 1456.[108] Increasing taxes outraged the Transylvanian peasants, and they rose up in an open rebellion in 1437, but the Hungarian nobles and the heads of the Saxon and Szkely communities jointly suppressed their revolt.[109] The formal alliance of the Hungarian, Saxon, and Szkely leaders, known as the Union of the Three Nations, became an important element of the self-government of Transylvania.[110] The Orthodox Romanian knezes ("chiefs") were excluded from the Union.[110]
The united armies of the Holy League expelled the Ottoman troops from Central Europe between 1684 and 1699, and the Principality of Transylvania was integrated into the Habsburg monarchy.[119] The Habsburgs supported the Catholic clergy and persuaded the Orthodox Romanian prelates to accept the union with the Roman Catholic Church in 1699.[120] The Church Union strengthened the Romanian intellectuals' devotion to their Roman heritage.[121] The Orthodox Church was restored in Transylvania only after Orthodox monks stirred up revolts in 1744 and 1759.[122] The organisation of the Transylvanian Military Frontier caused further disturbances, especially among the Szkelys in 1764.[123]
Princes Dimitrie Cantemir of Moldavia and Constantin Brncoveanu of Wallachia concluded alliances with the Habsburg Monarchy and Russia against the Ottomans, but they were dethroned in 1711 and 1714, respectively.[124] The sultans lost confidence in the native princes and appointed Orthodox merchants from the Phanar district of Istanbul to rule Moldova and Wallachia.[125][126] The Phanariot princes pursued oppressive fiscal policies and dissolved the army.[127] The neighboring powers took advantage of the situation: the Habsburg Monarchy annexed the northwestern part of Moldavia, or Bukovina, in 1775, and the Russian Empire seized the eastern half of Moldavia, or Bessarabia, in 1812.[128][129]
A census revealed that the Romanians were more numerous than any other ethnic group in Transylvania in 1733, but legislation continued to use contemptuous adjectives (such as "tolerated" and "admitted") when referring to them.[130][131] The Uniate bishop, Inocențiu Micu-Klein who demanded recognition of the Romanians as the fourth privileged nation was forced into exile.[132][131] Uniate and Orthodox clerics and laymen jointly signed a plea for the Transylvanian Romanians' emancipation in 1791, but the monarch and the local authorities refused to grant their requests.[133][130]
The Treaty of Kk Kaynarca authorised the Russian ambassador in Istanbul to defend the autonomy of Moldavia and Wallachia (known as the Danubian Principalities) in 1774.[134] Taking advantage of the Greek War of Independence, a Wallachian lesser nobleman, Tudor Vladimirescu, stirred up a revolt against the Ottomans in January 1821, but he was murdered in June by Phanariot Greeks.[135] After a new Russo-Turkish War, the Treaty of Adrianople strengthened the autonomy of the Danubian Principalities in 1829, although it also acknowledged the sultan's right to confirm the election of the princes.[136]
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