Wpa2 Psk Password Generator
Peppin Kishore
As the use of technology continues to grow, WiFi has become an essential part of our daily lives. However, the convenience of WiFi also comes with the risk of unauthorized access to our networks. This is why it is essential to have a strong and unique WiFi password to secure our networks. In this post, we will discuss the benefits of using a free, funny WiFi password generator online.
Before this, there was no other way to join a WiFi network without having to select one from a list and enter a password manually. Our generator now lets you create a QR Code that allows you to connect to a WiFi network just by pointing your camera at it or by using a QR Code scanner. And the best part? Our WiFi QR Code generator is completely free to use, and the generated QR Code will never expire (unless the settings on your router changed). With a WiFi QR Code, you can also share your WiFi easily with friends, family, and your customers if you run a business.
As a city, adding WiFi in public places makes it more inviting for tourists and locals to visit and hang out. They can easily connect to check for navigation, browse places of interest and post photos of your beautiful attractions on social media. Add WiFi QR Codes on signs, lamp posts, even on benches where people would most likely sit and relax so they can easily connect to the internet to browse for more things to see or visit in your city.
As long as you have a smartphone, absolutely! The best way to test this is to open the camera app, hold it over a WiFi QR Code where a notification will pop up asking to join a WiFi network. If not, simply install a third-party QR Code scanner from your app store. Read our guide here for iOS and Android devices.
We strive to make our use of language as inclusive as possible to support our commitment to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DE&I). As we continue to learn and develop this framework, some of our older content may need to be updated. Read more about our core values here.
With computers getting more and more powerful each day it is essential when generating a password you never use a word from a dictionary. Modern computers can process huge amounts of data including all words within a dictionary and minor variations in a few minutes. The length and entropy of your password is becoming increasingly important.
For maximum security the passwords are generated locally on your PC using your browser with no special extensions (just JavaScript which is available by default within all modern browsers) so make sure you remember the one you select to use as we do not store or otherwise record them. The randomness is provided by the JavaScript cryptographical library. This algorithm was designed to overcome some of the flaws of more commonly used random number generators.
Enter the length of password and select as many categories of characters as feasible. Adding special characters or punctuation into your password is an effective method of generating a more secure password as this drastically increases the number of permutations possible and reduces the risk of a dictionary attack. Not all systems will support all categories but most systems should support Lower Case, Upper Case, Numbers and Standard Punctuation. If you wish to exclude characters that look similar (e.g. letter l and number 1) ensure you select the Exclude Similar Characters option.
As time passes and computers get more and more powerful this results in less time required to guess your passwords. In 2023 it is generally accepted that a password around the 14-16 characters in length with good entropy should provide adequate protection and require hundreds of years to guess. If you are in any doubt or you are protecting something particularly important using of password length of 20 characters or more with a good entropy is strongly recommended. As a whole, the one thing that make passwords more secure is their length.
These days I have been playing with my new WLAN router, a TP-Link TD-W8970, and I have found a particularly interesting issue that affects other TP-Link routers as well. These routers can be recognized by the ESSID key TP-LINK_XXXXXX. Their default key for WPA/WPA2 and WEP is 10 and 13 characters in length respectively, apparently in range [0-9A-Z] and randomly generated by the EasySetupAssistant.
Based on this, the corresponding handshake of such a WPA/WPA2 key, bruteforced with typical GPU speeds of 20000 keys / second, would require 36^10 / 20000 seconds = 182807922003.1488 seconds = 5796.8011 years to be cracked. However, by disassembling the setup assistant, I realized this key is generated from a 32-bit seed by following a linear congruential generator reducing our key set from 36^10 keys to 2^32 keys. The reversed generator is:
Furthermore, note how the for any length and 32-bit integer seed k following condition holds: gen(k, length) == gen(k + 0x80000000, length). This reduces the keys to check to 2^31. At the previously mentioned computing speed, this implies finding such a key in 231 / 20000 seconds = 1.24 days.
There is an additional issue affecting the seed generation that can help reducing the password dictionaries even more. These 32-bit seeds are not the result of a cryptographically secure PRNG. Instead they just represent a time difference, growing linearly at a rate of 1 every second as the system time passes. In Windows, the system time is obtained via GetSystemTimeAsFileTime from Kernel32.dll. The corresponding code to generate a seed at a given moment is:
If we can estimate the time interval in which the router was installed, we can reduce the total seeds from 2^31 to the seeds that could be generated in that specific time interval. For instance, if we are confident that such a router was installed during 2012, we would only have to check the keys corresponding to seeds between 0x4EFFA3AD y 0x50E22700:
I have verified all setup assistants distributed with TP-Link routers and all TL-WA, TL-WR, TL-WDR series and TD-WXXXX, TD-VGXXXX models are affected. In about 10% of these routers I wasn't able to download the EasySetupAssistant through the link TP-Link provided, but I am confident enough that the results of same routers of the series can be extrapolated to them.
TPLink-GenKeys: Choose key type, the seed range which can be calculated with the previous tool. Information about dictionary to be generated will be given, accept to generate it in ./output.txt. Download:
Greetings all. Before I get into the tutorial, I would like to mention that I am fairly new to Null Byte (been lurking for some time though), and what really appeals to me about this place is its tight, family-like community where everyone is always willing to help each other and the constant search for knowledge that inhabits this subdomain is a driving motivator for me to join in. I'm glad I arrived at the right time. Anyway, wipes tears (not really)...
This is a tutorial for newbies and anyone who hasn't yet used Crunch before. Crunch is a utility that is used to create wordlists using letters, numbers, and symbols for every possible combination or according to specific rules. I will be covering this command-line tool in great depth, dissecting each option and demonstrating its purpose. So to start off, in this demonstration I will not assume that you have a particular OS, other than to mention that I will only be covering those based on UNIX.
The min and max are the minimum and maximum lengths (respectively) for your desired wordlist. By default charset is not required, but you can use it to limit the characters of your wordlist to the ones you specify. If you choose to use charset then you must maintain the correct order, which is lowUP123@%# (lowercase letters, then uppercase letters, then numbers and finally symbols). You can skip any of them, but the order must always remain the same. Example:
-b : the maximum size of the wordlist (requires -o START)
-c : numbers of lines to write to the wordlist (requires -o START)
-d : limit the number of duplicate characters
-e : stop generating words at a certain string
-f : specify a list of character sets from the charset.lst file
-i : invert the order of characters in the wordlist
-l : allows the literal interpretation of @,%^ when using -t
-o : the output wordlist file
-p : print permutations without repeating characters (cannot be used with -s)
-q : Like the -p option except it reads the strings from a specified file
-r : resume a previous session (cannot be used with -s)
-s : specify a particular string to begin the wordlist with
-t : set a specific pattern of @,%^
-z : compress the output wordlist file, accompanied by -o
A zipped syskey.txt wordlist starting with "aab14" and ending in "eed14" will be produced from the above. The reason why the start is not "aaa14" is because -d 2@ allows for only 2 duplicate lowercase letters. Adding -i would invert the results, and adding -e dde14 would stop after the line "dde14" (or "41edd" in the case of an inverted output) is produced.
In this example the words 'kite' 'sky' and 'car' will be printed in all orders possible (wholly, not by letter) and outputted into output owl.txt without taking into account the min and max numbers. None of the words will be repeated. If only one word is included, it will will be used as a character set. You could use -q instead of -p to extract words from a specific file.
In this case Crunch will will treat the ^ symbol as itself, rather than a representative of a special character. The sequence will commence with "a^4213" and end in "z^4293" and the output art.txt will be produced.
Assume the situation where you enter the above command and then decide to pause the process midway. When you come back later, you may restore the session by adding -r option to the syntax, while keeping the rest exactly the same.
Now that we have it all covered, you have access to limitless ways in which you could use Crunch during a penetration test. One could obviously point out that it acts great as a password generator, so in turn being useful for password cracking using let's say Hydra or John. I will divulge all of the uses of wordlists in a future tutorial, and other utilities that you could use to perfect the relevance of the contents of said wordlists, thereby enabling a more thorough approach to password cracking or other similar scenarios.
c80f0f1006