The Flow Modern Man Pdf 170
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It has been shown that Neanderthals contributed genetically to modern humans outside Africa 47,000-65,000 years ago. Here we analyse the genomes of a Neanderthal and a Denisovan from the Altai Mountains in Siberia together with the sequences of chromosome 21 of two Neanderthals from Spain and Croatia. We find that a population that diverged early from other modern humans in Africa contributed genetically to the ancestors of Neanderthals from the Altai Mountains roughly 100,000 years ago. By contrast, we do not detect such a genetic contribution in the Denisovan or the two European Neanderthals. We conclude that in addition to later interbreeding events, the ancestors of Neanderthals from the Altai Mountains and early modern humans met and interbred, possibly in the Near East, many thousands of years earlier than previously thought.
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We thank M. Slatkin, F. Racimo, J. Kelso, K. Prfer, M. Stoneking and D. Reich for comments; the MPI-EVA sequencing group, B. Nickel and R. Schultz for technical support; A. Heinze, S. Sawyer and J. Dabney for sequencing library preparation; U. Stenzel and G. Renaud for help with sequence processing. M.J.H. was supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under grant DGE-1144153. Q.F. was funded in part by the Special Foundation of the President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. T.M-B. was supported by ICREA, EMBO YIP 2013 and Fundaci Barcelona Zoo. The Max Planck Society, the Krekeler Foundation, MINECO (grants BFU2014-55090-P FEDER, BFU2015-7116-ERC and BFU2015-6215-ERC to T.M-B. and BFU2012-34157 FEDER to C.L.-F.) and the US National Institutes of Health (grant GM102192 to A.S. and U01 MH106874 to T.M-B.) provided financial support.
Total migration rates estimated for 22 directional migration bands in five separate preliminary G-PhoCS runs. Rows correspond to source populations and columns to the target populations. The 20 migration bands between modern and archaic populations were considered in five separate runs, each containing the four bands associated with a different modern human population (Supplementary Fig. 15A). The two migration bands between the Denisovan and the Altai Neanderthal populations were considered in all five runs, and the values shown here correspond to an aggregate of all five runs. The estimates are as shown in Supplementary Fig. 15B. Shade indicates the posterior mean total migration rate (legend), which approximates the probability that a lineage in the target population originated in the source population. The 95% Bayesian credible intervals from 2,000 MCMC replicates are indicated for migration bands whose upper credible interval bound is above 0.3%. We identified four clusters of migration bands, corresponding to what were likely at least four different cases of introgression between populations: (1) Neanderthals into non-African modern humans (red box), (2) Denisovans into Oceanians (green box), (3) between Neanderthals and Denisovans (magenta), and (4) modern humans into Neanderthals (blue box). Alt, Altai Neanderthal; Chi, Chinese; Den, Denisovan; Fre, French; Pap, Papuan; Yor, Yoruba.
Estimated rates of migration from the modern human population to the Altai Neanderthal population obtained from 15 G-PhoCS runs on five simulated data sets. All demographic parameters are set according to the values inferred by G-PhoCS in our data analysis (Supplementary Table 13), and the five data sets differ by the source population for migration: no migration (none), population ancestral to all present-day humans (ancestral), population ancestral to Yoruba and Europeans (Yoruba), San population (San), and European population (European). The first two sets are the ones analysed in Extended Data Fig. 2. Each data set is analysed three times, using different present-day samples: European (French), Yoruba, or San. Significant differences in estimates are observed between the data sets with and without gene flow and the data set with gene flow from a source population related to Europeans. Only minor differences were observed between values inferred for the three data sets with source population diverging from African populations (San, Yoruba, and ancestral). We conclude from this that the source population likely diverged from an African human population before the divergence of present-day Eurasians. The shaded circle in Fig. 3a represents this conclusion. Error bars represent the 95% Bayesian credible intervals from 2,000 MCMC replicates.
Simulated windows of 100 kb for the Altai Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes with present-day human contamination of 5% at the genotype level. Windows are binned by their minimum divergence to Africans using derived alleles at >0.9 frequency in the simulated African population. The x and y axis as in Fig. 1. a, Gene flow from a deeply divergent archaic hominin into the Denisovan lineage (1%) and Altai Neanderthal gene flow into the Denisovan lineage (0.65%). b, Gene flow from a deeply divergent archaic hominin into the Denisovan lineage, Altai Neanderthal gene flow into the Denisovan lineage and modern human gene flow into the Altai Neanderthal lineage (1.8%). Error bars represent the 95% confidence intervals from 1,000 bootstrap replicates.
Total migration rates estimated for 46 directional migration bands in five separate G-PhoCS runs. Rows correspond to source populations and columns to the target populations. The 40 migration bands between modern (present-day) and archaic populations were considered in five separate runs, each containing the eight bands associated with a different modern human population (Extended Data Fig. 6a). The six migration bands between the Denisovan population and the three Neanderthal populations were considered in all six runs, and the values shown here were estimated as an aggregate of all five runs. The estimates are as shown in Extended Data Fig. 6. Shade indicates the posterior mean total migration rate (legend), which approximates the probability that a lineage in the target population originated in the source population. The 95% Bayesian credible intervals from 2,000 MCMC replicates are indicated for migration bands whose upper credible interval bound is above 0.3%. We identified four clusters of migration bands, corresponding to what were likely at least four different cases of introgression between populations: (1) Western (European) Neanderthals into non-African modern humans (red box), (2) Denisovans into East Asian and Oceanians (green box), (3) Neanderthals into Denisovans (magenta), and (4) modern humans into Eastern Neanderthals (blue box). Directed arrows in Fig. 3a depict these introgression events. Sid, El Sidrn Neanderthal; Vin, Vindija Neanderthal.
The putatively introgressed segments in the Altai Neanderthal genome, defined by derived alleles in two individuals from the San, Yoruba, Mbuti, Dinka or Mandenka populations. The introgressed segments show no clear affinity to one present-day African population. A, Altai Neanderthal; S, San; M, Mbuti; Y, Yoruba; D, Dinka; N, Mandenka.
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