9-11 Graphics

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Elenor Waas

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Aug 3, 2024, 1:45:18 PM8/3/24

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In order to help readers visualize the spaces in the Pentagon and the surrounding area, graphics originally printed in Pentagon 9/11 (Defense Studies Series), the official OSD account of the attack on the Pentagon, have been made available.

AIGA, the professional association for design, recognized the 9-11 Memorial Museum as a winning project in the AIGA Cased 2015 competition. The competition honors design solutions that successfully demonstrate the value of design. Judges recognized the project for its interactivity, immersive experience, well-executed solutions and typography.

As place makers, we blend high-quality materials, cutting-edge production automation, sustainable practices, and world-class craftsmanship to create unique installations that transform spaces into impactful places. We actively listen, question, and tackle complex technical design challenges, providing our dedicated partners with unprecedented solutions.

Direct3D 11 is fundamentally the same type of API as Direct3D 9 - a low-level, virtualized interface into graphics hardware. It still allows you to perform graphics drawing operations on a variety of hardware implementations. The layout of the graphics API has changed since Direct3D 9; the concept of a device context has been expanded, and an API has been added specifically for graphics infrastructure. Resources stored on the Direct3D device have a novel mechanism for data polymorphism called a resource view.

In Direct3D 9 you had to create an interface to the Direct3D API before you could start using it. In your Direct3D 11 Universal Windows Platform (UWP) game, you call a static function called D3D11CreateDevice to create the device and the device context.

A Direct3D 11 device represents a virtualized graphics adapter. It's used to create resources in video memory, for example: uploading textures to the GPU, creating views on texture resources and swap chains, and creating texture samplers. For a complete list of what a Direct3D 11 device interface is used for see ID3D11Device and ID3D11Device1.

A Direct3D 11. device context is used to set pipeline state and generate rendering commands. For example, a Direct3D 11 rendering chain uses a device context to set up the rendering chain and draw the scene (see below). The device context is used to access (map) video memory used by Direct3D device resources; it's also used to update subresource data, for example constant buffer data. For a complete list of what a Direct3D 11 device context is used for see ID3D11DeviceContext and ID3D11DeviceContext1. Note that most of our samples use an immediate context to render directly to the device, but Direct3D 11 also supports deferred device contexts, which are primarily used for multithreading.

In Direct3D 11, the device handle and device context handle are both obtained by calling D3D11CreateDevice. This method is also where you request a specific set of hardware features and retrieve information on Direct3D feature levels supported by the graphics adapter. See Introduction to a Device in Direct3D 11 for more info on devices, device contexts, and threading considerations.

In Direct3D 11, the device adapter and hardware configuration are set with the DirectX Graphics Infrastructure (DXGI) API using the IDXGIAdapter and IDXGIDevice1 COM interfaces. Buffers and other window resources (visible or offscreen) are created and configured by specific DXGI interfaces; the IDXGIFactory2 factory pattern implementation acquires DXGI resources such as the frame buffer. Since DXGI owns the swap chain, a DXGI interface is used to present frames to the screen - see IDXGISwapChain1.

Use IDXGIFactory2 to create a swap chain compatible with your game. You need to create a swap chain for a core window, or for composition (XAML interop), instead of creating a swap chain for an HWND.

Direct3D 11 supports an additional level of polymorphism on video memory resources known as views. Essentially, where you had a single Direct3D 9 object for a texture, you now have two objects: the texture resource, which holds the data, and the resource view, which indicates how the view is used for rendering. A view based on a resource enables that resource to be used for a specific purpose. For example, a 2D texture resource is created as an ID3D11Texture2D, then a shader resource view (ID3D11ShaderResourceView) is created on it so it can be used as a texture in a shader. A render target view (ID3D11RenderTargetView) can also be created on the same 2D texture resource so that it can be used as a drawing surface. In another example, the same pixel data is represented in 2 different pixel formats by using 2 separate views on a single texture resource.

The underlying resource must be created with properties that are compatible with the type of views that will be created from it. For example, if an ID3D11RenderTargetView is applied to a surface, that surface is created with the D3D11_BIND_RENDER_TARGET flag. The surface also has to have a DXGI surface format compatible with rendering (see DXGI_FORMAT).

In Direct3D 9 and Direct3D 10.x, there was a single Direct3D device object which managed resource creation, state, and drawing. In Direct3D 11, the Direct3D device interface still manages resource creation, but all state and drawing operations are handled by using a Direct3D device context. Here's an example of how the device context (ID3D11DeviceContext1 interface) is used to set up the rendering chain:

When one of the ID3D11DeviceContext::Draw methods is called, the scene is drawn on the render target view. When you're done will all your drawing the DXGI adapter is used to present the completed frame by calling IDXGISwapChain1::Present1.

Direct3D 9 managed state settings with a large set of individual toggles set with the SetRenderState, SetSamplerState, and SetTextureStageState methods. Since Direct3D 11 does not support the legacy fixed-function pipeline, the SetTextureStageState is replaced by writing pixel shaders (PS). There is no equivalent to a Direct3D 9 state block. Direct3D 11 instead manages state through the use of 4 kinds of state objects which provide a more streamlined way to group the rendering state.

When porting Direct3D 9 applications to state objects, be aware that your various state combinations are represented as immutable state objects. They should be created once and re-used as long as they are valid.

Direct3D has a new mechanism for determining hardware support called feature levels. Feature levels simplify the task of figuring out what the graphics adapter can do by allowing you to request a well-defined set of GPU functionality. For example, the 9_1 feature level implements the functionality provided by Direct3D 9 graphics adapters, including shader model 2.x. Since 9_1 is the lowest feature level, you can expect all devices to support a vertex shader and a pixel shader, which were the same stages supported by the Direct3D 9 programmable shader model.

Your game will use D3D11CreateDevice to create the Direct3D device and device context. When you call this function you provide a list of feature levels that your game can support. It will return the highest supported feature level from that list. For example if your game can use BC4/BC5 textures (a feature of DirectX 10 hardware), you would include at least 9_1 and 10_0 in the list of supported feature levels. If the game is running on DirectX 9 hardware and BC4/BC5 textures can't be used, then D3D11CreateDevice will return 9_1. Then your game can fall back to a different texture format (and smaller textures).

If you decide to extend your Direct3D 9 game to support higher Direct3D feature levels then it's better to finish porting your existing Direct3D 9 graphics code first. After you have your game working in Direct3D 11, it's easier to add additional rendering paths with enhanced graphics.

Hardware has continue to evolve since Direct3D 9, and several new optional stages have been added to the programmable graphics pipeline. The set of options you have for the graphics pipeline varies with the Direct3D feature level. Feature level 10.0 includes the geometry shader stage with optional stream out for multipass rendering on the GPU. Feature level 11_0 include the hull shader and domain shader for use with hardware tessellation. Feature level 11_0 also includes full support for DirectCompute shaders, while feature levels 10.x only include support for a limited form of DirectCompute.

All shaders are written in HLSL using a shader profile that corresponds to a Direct3D feature level. Shader profiles are upwards compatible, so an HLSL shader that compiles using vs_4_0_level_9_1 or ps_4_0_level_9_1 will work across all devices. Shader profiles are not downlevel compatible, so a shader compiled using vs_4_1 will only work on feature level 10_1, 11_0, or 11_1 devices.

Direct3D 9 managed constants for shaders using a shared array with SetVertexShaderConstant and SetPixelShaderConstant. Direct3D 11 uses constant buffers, which are resources like a vertex buffer or index buffer. Constant buffers are designed to be updated efficiently. Instead of having all the shader constants organized into a single global array you organize your constants into logical groupings and manage them through one or more constant buffers. When you port your Direct3D 9 game to Direct3D 11, plan to organize your constant buffers so that you can update them appropriately. For example, group shader constants that aren't updated every frame into a separate constant buffer, so that you don't have to constantly upload that data to the graphics adapter along with your more dynamic shader constants.