Atomic And Nuclear Physics By Sn Ghoshal Pdf Download
Lourdes Vandewerker
Nuclear physics is the branch of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions. Examples of nuclear interactions or nuclear reactions include radioactive decay, nuclear fusion and fission. In this article, let us study nuclear physics, nuclear physics theory, nuclear force, and radioactivity in detail.
Nuclear physics is a scientific discipline that studies the structure of nuclei, their formation and stability. It mainly focuses on understanding the fundamental nuclear forces in nature and the complex interactions between neutrons and protons.
The nuclear force acts between the charges and functions as the gravitational force between masses. Nuclear force acts between the protons and neutrons of atoms. Nuclear force is much stronger than the Coulomb force. The nuclear physics is based on the forces known as nuclear force. The nature of nuclear force is given as:
The main difference between nuclear physics and atomic physics is that nuclear physics deals with the nucleus while atomic physics deals with an entire atom. More specifically, atomic physics deals with the atom as a system consisting of a nucleus and electrons. Nuclear physics deals with the nucleus as a system consisting of nucleons (protons and neutrons).
Atomic physics concerns itself with the entire atom and how the electronic configuration of electrons can change. When an atom loses an electron, it becomes positively charged (cations) and when it gains an electron it becomes negatively charged (anions).
Radioactivity is a nuclear process that occurs due to the decay of the nucleus. Radioactivity is based on the law of conservation of charge. External parameters such as temperature and pressure do not affect the rate of decay.
The daughter nuclei will have unique physical and chemical properties (that is different from parent nuclei). The decay rate of any radioactive material is directly proportional to the number of atoms present at that instant. α, β, and γ rays are followed during the radioactivity.
The charge distribution is a fundamental property of atomic nuclei that affects many of their static characteristics, such as spin, parity, binding energy and effective interaction. Accurately measuring the nuclear charge distribution is of immense importance, as it represents the overall characteristics of the entire nucleus. In this study, we aimed to model a simple and effective formula that could best describe the size of nuclei using the wavefunctions of potential fields originating from positively charged protons. We analyzed finite-size nuclear potential to derive a simple and effective Z-dependent formula. This formula was then applied to calculate the size of various nuclei, and the results were compared with the experimentally measured R and Rrms, showing agreement with a deviation of δ2 = 0.0041. In contrast to the commonly used A1/3-dependent formula, our Z1/3-dependent formula keeps the radius parameter rZ almost constant within 4 < Z < 104. The potential radii of nuclei are reflective of their charge distributions, coulomb energy and lepton energy levels. Additionally, while the A1/3-dependent radius measures the matter radius of nuclei, the Z1/3-dependent radius, RZ and RZ,N, measures the proton wavefunctions beyond the nucleons boundary. Thus, our study provides a simple and effective Z-dependent formula for describing the size of nuclei that can be used to improve our understanding of nuclear physics and the behavior of atomic nuclei. It also provides another dimension for nuclear size measurements and the range of nuclear-lepton interactions.