No. Prometheus does not accept "push" writing of data, nor any back-filling of historical data.
If you want to do these things then have a look at some alternative projects, especially
VictoriaMetrics which is strongly Prometheus-inspired. It has the ability to ingest and backfill via a wide range of protocols and formats, and implements a superset of PromQL so you can query it just as if it were a Prometheus server.