Thoughts Amp; Notions 2 Pdf
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However, other interpretations of the notion of the individual concept are possible and it is far from being certain that the Carnap thesis is inconsistent with the observation that some individual expressions are directly referential. Carnap nowhere explained the idea of the individual concept in terms of individuating qualities or descriptive modes of presentation, and this clearly enables the interpretation that it as nothing more than a description of specific modal behaviours of expressions of certain categories. In this spirit, Abbott (2011) has recently suggested that constant individual concepts might be very useful in the analysis of empty proper names and specific uses of indefinite descriptions, while variable individual concepts might be useful in the analysis of nonspecific uses of indefinite descriptions.
The second important distinction regarding the idea of the individual concept is that one must distinguish between theories of concepts that attempt to treat concepts in the non-psychological sense as the basis for a joint classification of thoughts and expressions and an alternative theories that enable disjointed classifications of the two. The former can be viewed as friendly towards the so-called homogeneity hypotheses,Footnote 8 according to which there exists a single kind of entity that is (or plays the role of) both mental and linguistic content. Homogeneity enables direct application of the categories worked up in the theories of language (like intension, singular proposition or general proposition) to intentional states or attitudes. The opposite view, for heterogeneity, should work up its own category of singularity as a property of intentional states. One possibility (not reserved for proponents of heterogeneity) is to use the notions introduced in the debate concerning mental representations (i.e. concepts in the psychological sense).
In the domain of mental representations, the close counterpart of the notion of singular proposition is the concept of the object-dependent thought. This concept was introduced by Gareth Evans, who held that:
As Evans suggested, object-dependent thought is usually explained in terms of two slogans: Change the object, change the thought and No object, no thought (cf. Corazza 2004). The debate around object-dependent thoughts mostly revolves around the question of whether psychological generalisations or laws involving object-dependent thoughts are possible (cf. Noonan 1991; Adams et al. 1999; Corazza 2004), the related issue of the connection of the view to internalism in the philosophy of mind (cf. Adams et al. 1993) and the (also related) question about the role of object-dependent thoughts in causing actions (and the role of the concept in theories that attempt to explain actions). It is rather a popular view that one should not believe in the existence of object-dependent thoughts unless they manifest themselves in actions and unless the concept of object-dependent thought plays a role in action description and action explanation.
Since the corresponding satisfaction conditions respectively are and are not met, we might treat the parafictional statement (A) as true and the parafictional statement (B) as false. The authors supplement this approach with additional analysis of uses of (ordinary) empty names and negative existential statements, exploiting the view that such statements do not have existential and satisfaction conditions.
Is content (or at least some of its aspects) transparent to language users? The answer to this question bears an interesting relation to the discussion regarding the content of sentences and utterances that contain empty singular terms. As pointed out by Hodgson, the notion of content transparency is ambiguous, because it may actually refer to three separate things. According to the strongest interpretation, users should be able to detect differences in the contents of expressions. According to the weaker version, the only ability users are expected to have is the ability to detect differences in the structure of the content of expressions. According to the weakest version of the transparency thesis, it is only the structural type (e.g. the difference between singularity and generality) of content that has to be detectable by competent users of the language. The first option (transparency of content) is, as Hodgson points out, highly implausible. Hodgson also refutes the weaker senses of transparency. He argues that differences in the structure of content may not be detectable due to the existence of unarticulated constituents. He also formulates a challenging dilemma for the proponents of structural transparency: they have to provide justification for their claim free of petitio principii. He closes the paper with a criticism of the positive arguments for transparency.
For a relatively recent application of the idea, see Aloni (2005), which discusses various frameworks that are philosophically rather controversial as being committed to the idea of contingent identity.
As Marti stresses, however, it is a mistake to attribute to all new reference theorists a single view consisting in commitment to a particular kind of truth-conditional contribution of singular terms.
We would like to thank all of the authors for the high quality of their contributions, the reviewers for their deep and accurate reviews and the Topoi team for all their help during the long editorial process. We would also like to mention that some of the papers in this collection have been presented at the first Context, Cognition and Communication Conference held at the University of Warsaw in June 2016.
Stream of consciousness writing is a unique journaling technique that invites you to put pen to paper (or fingers to keyboard) and allow your thoughts to flow freely, unfiltered by conventional rules or expectations. In the private sanctuary of your journal, you can embrace the spontaneous dance of ideas, memories, and sensations, without worrying about grammar, punctuation, or structure. With this deeply personal form of writing, you become the author and the protagonist, immersing yourself in the world of your own consciousness.
Stream of consciousness writing is personal writing technique when you spontaneously write your thoughts, ideas, and impressions as they come to mind, without any particular order or structure. You simply write your thoughts as they occur, in the same way you think them.
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Engage your senses in your stream of consciousness journaling. Describe the sights, sounds, smells, tastes, and textures you experience or recall. Engaging with sensory details can deepen your connection to your thoughts and memories.
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