Battle перевод
Malena Bower
Freyja rules over her heavenly field, Flkvangr, where she receives half of those who die in battle. The other half go to the god Odin's hall, Valhalla. Within Flkvangr lies her hall, Sessrmnir. Freyja assists other deities by allowing them to use her feathered cloak, is invoked in matters of fertility and love, and is frequently sought after by powerful jtnar who wish to make her their wife. Freyja's husband, the god r, is frequently absent. She cries tears of red gold for him, and searches for him under assumed names. Freyja has numerous names, including Gefn, Hrn, Mardll, Sr, Vanads, and Valfreyja.
Scholars have debated whether Freyja and the goddess Frigg ultimately stem from a single goddess common among the Germanic peoples. They have connected her to the valkyries, female battlefield choosers of the slain, and analyzed her relation to other goddesses and figures in Germanic mythology, including the thrice-burnt and thrice-reborn Gullveig/Heir, the goddesses Gefjon, Skai, orgerr Hlgabrr and Irpa, Mengl, and the 1st century CE "Isis" of the Suebi. In Scandinavia, Freyja's name frequently appears in the names of plants, especially in southern Sweden. Various plants in Scandinavia once bore her name, but it was replaced with the name of the Virgin Mary during the process of Christianization. Rural Scandinavians continued to acknowledge Freyja as a supernatural figure into the 19th century, and Freyja has inspired various works of art.
The name Freyja transparently means 'lady, mistress' in Old Norse.[1] Stemming from the Proto-Germanic feminine noun *frawjōn ('lady, mistress'), it is cognate with Old Saxon frūa ('lady, mistress') or Old High German frouwa ('lady'; cf. modern German Frau). Freyja is also etymologically close to the name of the god Freyr, meaning 'lord' in Old Norse.[2][3] The theonym Freyja is thus considered to have been an epithet in origin, replacing a personal name that is now unattested.[4]
Scholar Richard North theorizes that Old English geofon and Old Norse Gefjun and Freyja's name Gefn may all descend from a common origin; gabia a Germanic goddess connected with the sea, whose name means "giving".[9]
Vlusp contains a stanza that mentions Freyja, referring to her as "'s girl"; Freyja being the wife of her husband, r. The stanza recounts that Freyja was once promised to an unnamed builder, later revealed to be a jtunn and subsequently killed by Thor (recounted in detail in Gylfaginning chapter 42; see Prose Edda section below).[22] In the poem Grmnisml, Odin (disguised as Grmnir) tells the young Agnar that every day Freyja allots seats to half of those that are slain in her hall Flkvangr, while Odin owns the other half.[23]
The poem rymskvia features Loki borrowing Freyja's cloak of feathers and Thor dressing up as Freyja to fool the lusty jtunn rymr. In the poem, Thor wakes up to find that his powerful hammer, Mjllnir, is missing. Thor tells Loki of his missing hammer, and the two go to the beautiful court of Freyja. Thor asks Freyja if she will lend him her cloak of feathers, so that he may try to find his hammer. Freyja agrees:
Loki flies away in the whirring feather cloak, arriving in the land of Jtunheimr. He spies rymr sitting on top of a mound. rymr reveals that he has hidden Thor's hammer deep within the earth and that no one will ever know where the hammer is unless Freyja is brought to him as his wife. Loki flies back, the cloak whistling, and returns to the courts of the gods. Loki tells Thor of rymr's conditions.[27]
The gods and goddesses assemble at a thing and debate how to solve the problem. The god Heimdallr proposes to dress Thor up as a bride, complete with bridal dress, head-dress, jingling keys, jewelry, and the famous Brsingamen. Thor objects but is hushed by Loki, reminding him that the new owners of the hammer will soon be settling in the land of the gods if the hammer is not returned. Thor is dressed as planned and Loki is dressed as his maid. Thor and Loki go to Jtunheimr.[30]
In the meantime, Thrym tells his servants to prepare for the arrival of the daughter of Njrr. When "Freyja" arrives in the morning, Thrym is taken aback by her behavior; her immense appetite for food and mead is far more than what he expected, and when Thrym goes in for a kiss beneath "Freyja's" veil, he finds "her" eyes to be terrifying, and he jumps down the hall. The disguised Loki makes excuses for the bride's odd behavior, claiming that she simply has not eaten or slept for eight days. In the end, the disguises successfully fool the jtnar and, upon sight of it, Thor regains his hammer by force.[31]
Freyja is a main character in the poem Hyndlulj, where she assists her faithful servant ttar in finding information about his ancestry so that he may claim his inheritance. In doing so, Freyja turns ttar into her boar, Hildisvni, and, by means of flattery and threats of death by fire, Freyja successfully pries the information that ttar needs from the jtunn Hyndla. Freyja speaks throughout the poem, and at one point praises ttar for constructing a hrgr (an altar of stones) and frequently making blt (sacrifices) to her:
Freyja appears in the Prose Edda books Gylfaginning and Skldskaparml. In chapter 24 of Gylfaginning, the enthroned figure of High says that after the god Njrr split with the goddess Skai, he had two beautiful and mighty children (no partner is mentioned); a son, Freyr, and a daughter, Freyja. Freyr is "the most glorious" of the gods, and Freyja "the most glorious" of the goddesses. Freyja has a dwelling in the heavens, Flkvangr, and that whenever Freyja "rides into battle she gets half the slain, and the other half to Odin [...]". In support, High quotes the Grmnisml stanza mentioned in the Poetic Edda section above.[35]
High adds that Freyja has a large, beautiful hall called Sessrmnir, and that when Freyja travels she sits in a chariot and drives two cats, and that Freyja is "the most approachable one for people to pray to, and from her name is derived the honorific title whereby noble ladies are called fruvor [noble ladies]". High adds that Freyja has a particular fondness for love songs, and that "it is good to pray to her concerning love affairs".[35]
In chapter 29, High recounts the names and features of various goddesses, including Freyja. Regarding Freyja, High says that, next to Frigg, Freyja is highest in rank among them and that she owns the necklace Brsingamen. Freyja is married to r, who goes on long travels, and the two have a very fair daughter by the name of Hnoss. While r is absent, Freyja stays behind and in her sorrow she weeps tears of red gold. High notes that Freyja has many names, and explains that this is because Freyja adopted them when looking for r and traveling "among strange peoples". These names include Gefn, Hrn, Mardll, Sr, and Vanads.[36]
Freyja plays a part in the events leading to the birth of Sleipnir, the eight-legged horse. In chapter 42, High recounts that, soon after the gods built the hall Valhalla, a builder (unnamed) came to them and offered to build for them in three seasons a fortification so solid that no jtunn would be able to come in over from Midgard. In exchange, the builder wants Freyja for his bride, and the sun and the moon. After some debate the gods agree, but with added conditions. In time, just as he is about to complete his work, it is revealed that the builder is, in fact, himself a jtunn, and he is killed by Thor. In the meantime, Loki, in the form of a mare, has been impregnated by the jtunn's horse, Svailfari, and so gives birth to Sleipnir. In support, High quotes the Vlusp stanza that mentions Freyja.[37] In chapter 49, High recalls the funeral of Baldr and says that Freyja attended the funeral and there drove her cat-chariot, the final reference to the goddess in Gylfaginning.[38]
At the beginning of the book Skldskaparml, Freyja is mentioned among eight goddesses attending a banquet held for gir.[39] Chapter 56 details the abduction of the goddess Iunn by the jtunn jazi in the form of an eagle. Terrified at the prospect of death and torture due to his involvement in the abduction of Iunn, Loki asks if he may use Freyja's "falcon shape" to fly north to Jtunheimr and retrieve the missing goddess. Freyja allows it, and using her "falcon shape" and a furious chase by eagle-jazi, Loki successfully returns her.[40]
In chapter 6, a means of referring to Njrr is provided that refers to Frejya ("father of Freyr and Freyja"). In chapter 7, a means of referring to Freyr is provided that refers to the goddess ("brother of Freyja"). In chapter 8, ways of referring to the god Heimdallr are provided, including "Loki's enemy, recoverer of Freyja's necklace", inferring a myth involving Heimdallr recovering Freyja's necklace from Loki.[41]
In chapter 18, verses from the 10th century skald's composition rsdrpa are quoted. A kenning used in the poem refers to Freyja.[43] In chapter 20, poetic ways to refer to Freyja are provided; "daughter of Njrr", "sister of Freyr", "wife of r", "mother of Hnoss", "possessor of the fallen slain and of Sessrumnir and tom-cats", possessor of Brsingamen, "Van-deity", Vanads, and "fair-tear deity".[44] In chapter 32, poetic ways to refer to gold are provided, including "Freyja's weeping" and "rain or shower [...] from Freyja's eyes".[45]
Chapter 33 tells that once the gods journeyed to visit gir, one of whom was Freyja.[45] In chapter 49, a quote from a work by the skald Einarr Sklason employs the kenning "r's bedfellow's eye-rain", which refers to Freyja and means "gold".[46]
Chapter 36 explains again that gold can be referring to as Freyja's weeping due to her red gold tears. In support, works by the skalds Skli rsteinsson and Einarr Sklason are cited that use "Freyja's tears" or "Freyja's weepings" to represent "gold". The chapter features additional quotes from poetry by Einarr Sklason that references the goddess and her child Hnoss.[47] Freyja receives a final mention in the Prose Edda in chapter 75, where a list of goddesses is provided that includes Freyja.[48]
d3342ee215