For example, suppose you are reading an article by Brown (2014) that cites information from an article by Snow (1982) that you would like to include in your essay. For the reference list, you will only make a citation for the secondary source (Brown). You do not put in a citation for the primary source (Snow) in the reference list. For the in-text citation, you identify the primary source (Snow) and then write "as cited in" the secondary source (Brown). If you know the year of the publication of the primary source, include it in the in-text citation. Otherwise, you can omit it. See below for examples.
Note: If you don't have the publication date of Snow's article, you just omit it like this:
According to a study by Snow (as cited in Brown, 2014), 75% of students believe that teachers should not assign nightly homework.
This chapter focuses on the effect of Catholic schools on homework. Studies indicate that homework has a relatively large effect on academic achievement (Betts, 1997; Walberg, 1991). Further, studies on Catholic schools suggest that higher levels of achievement in the Catholic school sector are possibly a result of more homework assigned in Catholic schools (Coleman, Hoffer, and Kilgore, 1982; Coleman and Hoffer, 1987). Other explanations for favorable Catholic school effects include focusing on a core curriculum, less bureaucracy, more discipline, the communal nature of Catholic education, peer group effects, and decentralization (Bryk, Lee, and Holland, 1993; Coleman, Hoffer, and Kilgore, 1982; Coleman and Hoffer, 1987). Further, Chubb and Moe (1990) argue that private schools are better than public schools because they have more autonomy. This chapter also considers the effect of homework and Catholic schools on test scores.
Mel Welles was an actor who had a successful Hollywood career. In his early acting career, Welles appeared in such films as the adaptation "Gun Fury" (1953) with Rock Hudson, the Fred MacMurray crime drama "Pushover" (1954) and the dramatic adaptation "The Racers" (1955) with Kirk Douglas. He also appeared in "Wyoming Renegades" (1955) with Phil Carey, the adventure "Soldier of Fortune" (1955) with Clark Gable and "Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy" (1955) with Bud Abbott. He continued to act in productions like the Allison Hayes horror movie "The Undead" (1957), the Yul Brynner dramatic adaptation "The Brothers Karamazov" (1958) and the comedy adaptation "The Little Shop of Horrors" (1961) with Jonathan Haze. In the latter half of his career, he tackled roles in the Lawrence Monoson comedy "The Last American Virgin" (1982), "Homework" (1982) and "Chopping Mall" (1986). He also appeared in the Brian Thompson action movie "Commando Squad" (1987). Welles last directed the Joseph Cotten horror flick "La Figlia di Frankenstein" (2004). Welles was married to Meri Wells. Welles passed away in August 2005 at the age of 81.
Mathematics
The first long-term trend in mathematics assessment was administered in 1973. Since then, all three age groups have experienced overall patterns of improvement both in the long and the short run. The average score of 9-year-olds in 1999 was 2 points higher than in 1990 and 13 points higher than average scores from 1973 to 1982.
Although the average score of 17-year-olds declined between 1973 and 1982, since 1982 the age group has experienced a 10-point-gain in average scores. As a result, the average mathematics score of 17-year-olds in 1999 was higher than in 1973.
In addition to reporting average scores for students based on age, the NAEP 1999 Trends in Academic Progress also reports scores by race, gender, parental education, type of school, course taking patterns, technology and scientific equipment in the classroom, homework experiences and home experiences. I will briefly discuss a few of these categories and then explore in detail race, gender, course taking patterns, and homework experiences.
Mathematics scores for Hispanics also improved in comparison to whites but not as consistently as for blacks. The gap between white and Hispanic 13- and 17- year-olds narrowed between 1973 and 1999, but has widened since 1982 among 9-year-olds.
Amount of Time Spent on Homework
The development of reading and literacy skills may be directly related to the extent and variety of students. reading experiences. One factor that influences how much students read is the number of pages they must read for school and homework assignments.