The `--body-title-color` only gets applied to divisional titles. For blocks like <definition>, you probably want `--block-head-color`. But it is possible you have some other rule being applied and so that isn't the final value for `color` To give you a more concrete answer I would need a live sample.
As for the left cut off, there likely is a negative margin being applied somewhere. Again, without a live sample it is hard to say.
If you try to change the "box style" around something like a definition by overriding individual CSS rules, I would not be surprised if there are some rules that are leaking through. (The L-boxes involve some trickery that doesn't belong in a simple containing box.)
My recommendation to change the presentation style of a particular grouping element would be to make your own version of default-modern's _chunks-default.scss file. In it, remove .definition-like from the list of things that get an L-border. Line 38 in that file here:
That way you are starting that element from the "make a basic shareded box" CSS instead of the "make an L-box" CSS.