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Recent animal studies on heterochronic parabiosis (a technique combining the blood circulation of two animals) have revealed that young blood has a powerful rejuvenating effect on brain aging. Circulating factors, especially growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) and C-C motif chemokine 11 (CCL11), may play a key role in this effect, which inspires hope for novel approaches to treating age-related cerebral diseases in humans, such as neurodegenerative and neurovascular diseases. Recently, attempts have begun to translate these astonishing and exciting findings from mice to humans and from bench to bedside. However, increasing reports have shown contradictory data, questioning the capacity of these circulating factors to reverse age-related brain dysfunction. In this review, we summarize the current research on the role of young blood, as well as the circulating factors GDF11 and CCL11, in the aging brain and age-related cerebral diseases. We highlight recent controversies, discuss related challenges and provide a future outlook.
As a young professional I went through a period of severe distress that rendered me nearly unable to function. My physical and psychological symptoms went on for some years in spite of professional help. I looked good on the outside, but inside I was a mess. I spent long hours crying, or sometimes literally curled up on the floor.
As I began pleading the blood of Jesus over my own life on a daily basis things changed rapidly. My symptoms both physical and emotional dramatically improved. I could hardly believe the amazing freedom I was experiencing. Thank You, Lord! I felt like the lame man Peter and John healed at the temple gate, walking and leaping and praising God.
Within a matter of weeks my symptoms began to return. The psychological distress and dysfunction started to take over my life again. I became terrified that I would end up in the same mess I had just escaped not that long before.
The Israelites would not be protected unless they applied the blood of the lamb to the door of their homes. And you and I cannot be protected unless we apply the blood of Jesus, the true Passover Lamb, to our lives. Pleading the blood of Jesus prevents the enemy from the access to your life he would otherwise have. Satan and his kingdom cannot stand when the blood of Jesus is applied.
While terrorist groups were increasingly recruiting young, disenfranchised people into their ranks, there was broad agreement among the more than 60 speakers in the Security Council today that youth must instead be at the heart of efforts to counter violent extremism and promote peace.
Young people around the world bore the brunt of violent extremism, the Secretary-General said, but they lacked a seat at the negotiating table when issues of international peace and security were discussed.
Speakers echoed the view of the Secretary-General that youth themselves should be at the heart of such efforts, including as messengers and role models for their peers. Several stressed the need to empower youth and youth-oriented organizations in order to respond to violence and delegitimize extremist messages.
Still others issued a warning that incitement to violent extremism must not be linked to a particular religion or culture as it occurred all over the world. In that context, the representative of Chad reminded the Council that no religion anywhere encouraged its believers to commit violent acts on its behalf.
A discussion also emerged on the use of the Internet and, in particular, social media by radical groups seeking to recruit young people. In that respect, some States, including the Russian Federation, stressed that incitement to terrorist action should be banned, with the Internet controlled for that purpose.
She described United States diplomatic efforts to mobilize coordinated international action toward that end, and recounted the experiences of a woman speaking to authorities of madrassas in Mali in order to counter extremist views as an example of grass-roots action that should be encouraged. Communities needed to be provided with the tools to do their part, she stated, and youth must be enlisted to be at the vanguard through appropriate media. Rehabilitated former extremists had been given platforms to participate, which was another powerful strategy, she stressed, noting that a single changed mind could disrupt dangerous activity.
IGNACIO YBEZ (Spain) said that the Security Council was integral to countering not only terrorism but also the extremist ideologies that recruited young people to commit terrorist acts. Noting that one fifth of the recruits to ISIL had come from Europe, he pointed to marginalization and unemployment as factors, but also hatreds that had been bred in conflicts. More attention had to be focused on medium- to long-range factors that engendered extremism. Social integration and education were necessary in that regard but not sufficient in themselves.
MARK LYALL GRANT (United Kingdom) said to harness young people in the fight against violent extremism, religious leaders must be engaged and the root causes of attraction to extremist groups must be addressed. A positive narrative must be conveyed, such as the messages spread by Malala Yousafzai in her campaign for education. Education was central in exposing the lies of the extremists and giving young people the tools to realize their potential. It was true that educated youth, however, could also be prey to the lure of extremism. For that reason, the United Kingdom had taken proactive measures to counter all forms of extremism, including non-violent extremism. The domination of social media by extremists must not go unchallenged and civil society must be engaged. In addition, a credible Council that effectively addressed injustices and society-destroying conflicts was crucial.
LIU JIEYI (China) said that in recent years, terrorism and violent extremism were running rampant in some parts of the world. Young people had become both tools and victims of terrorists. However, they represented the future of the world, and protecting them was a responsibility that lay with the entire international community. Counter-terrorism activities must abide by the principles of the Charter, he stressed, including respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of States. States must cut off the channels through which terrorist forces propagated their ideologies, including certain Internet and social media channels. States should also remove the root causes that bred terrorist ideology, including poverty and unemployment. The international community must take an active role in development, and the United Nations should help to upgrade the capacities of developing countries in that respect. The dialogue of civilizations was an important tool to help youth reject violence and stay away from extremist ideologies; the international community should therefore support such dialogue and promote the positive interaction between all cultures and communities.
He said his country had understood the dangers of extremism and terrorism for many years. Nationally, it had adopted initiatives to counter mendacious ideas through events that explained the tolerant views of Islam. The Department of Fatwa had created an observatory to track and expose defective Fatwas. The Government also made efforts to rehabilitate youth and find decent employment for them so that they could benefit from sustainable development. He suggested that the Secretary-General prepare a report on the subject.
The strongest counter-narrative to radicalization and terrorism was a firm commitment to democracy, human rights and equality, he said, also emphasizing that economic growth and efforts to manage rapid population growth to alleviate extreme poverty were needed. Efforts must be intensified towards a political solution as well to end the conflict in Syria and actively support United Nations efforts towards a political solution to the crisis in Libya.
PASCAL BUFFIN (Belgium), associating with the European Union, said there was an alarming increase in radicalization and violent extremism. While the Middle East was the primary victim, other regions, including Europe, were affected. While seeking remedies, care must be taken to ensure full compliance with international law. Actions must be integrated along different levels in full cognizance of complementarities. Schools, civil society, religious groups and other local stakeholders must be trained and strengthened to provide a counter-narrative. The lack of employment and income among young people made them easy prey for extremists, which the post-2015 development agenda must address. As social media itself did not fuel terrorism, greater attention must focus on subsequent interactions and processes.
VIRACHAI PLASAI (Thailand) said the international community must adopt a comprehensive approach addressing the root causes of the problem to protect youth from violence and enhance their role in countering violent extremism. An environment of tolerance for cultural diversity and respect for freedom of belief, thought and expression must be cultivated. Government, academia, civil society and the media could play a role complemented by international efforts such as those of the United Nations Alliance of Civilization and Culture of Peace. Quality education should be universally accessible, particularly for vulnerable groups, and youth must be ensured of decent employment. Governments must also focus on monitoring and countering terrorist and extremist propaganda and recruitment. He also stressed the need to rehabilitate and reintegrate youths returning home after joining terrorist and extremist groups. Finally, he said, regional and international organizations should harness the role of youth in countering terrorism and promoting peace. Towards that end, he urged greater coordination among relevant United Nations bodies.
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