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The Hongwu emperor issued many edicts forbidding Mongol practices and proclaiming his intention to purify China of barbarian influence. However, he also sought to use the Yuan legacy to legitimize his authority in China and other areas ruled by the Yuan. He continued policies of the Yuan dynasty such as continued request for Korean concubines and eunuchs, Mongol-style hereditary military institutions, Mongol-style clothing and hats, promoting archery and horseback riding, and having large numbers of Mongols serve in the Ming military. Until the late 16th century Mongols still constituted one-in-three officers serving in capital forces like the Embroidered Uniform Guard, and other peoples such as Jurchens were also prominent.[21] He frequently wrote to Mongol, Japanese, Korean, Jurchen, Tibetan, and Southwest frontier rulers offering advice on their governmental and dynastic policy, and insisted on leaders from these regions visiting the Ming capital for audiences. He resettled 100,000 Mongols into his territory, with many serving as guards in the capital. The emperor also strongly advertised the hospitality and role granted to Chinggisid nobles in his court.[22]
Zhu Yuanzhang insisted that he was not a rebel, and he attempted to justify his conquest of the other rebel warlords by claiming that he was a Yuan subject and had been divinely-appointed to restore order by crushing rebels. Most Chinese elites did not view the Yuan's Mongol ethnicity as grounds to resist or reject it. Zhu emphasised that he was not conquering territory from the Yuan dynasty but rather from the rebel warlords. He used this line of argument to attempt to persuade Yuan loyalists to join his cause.[23] The Ming used the tribute they received from former Yuan vassals as proof that the Ming had taken over the Yuan's legitimacy. Tribute missions were regularly celebrated with music and dance in the Ming court.[24]
Famous painters included Ni Zan and Dong Qichang, as well as the Four Masters of the Ming dynasty, Shen Zhou, Tang Yin, Wen Zhengming, and Qiu Ying. They drew upon the techniques, styles, and complexity in painting achieved by their Song and Yuan predecessors, but added techniques and styles. Well-known Ming artists could make a living simply by painting due to the high prices they demanded for their artworks and the great demand by the highly cultured community to collect precious works of art. The artist Qiu Ying was once paid 2.8 kg (100 oz) of silver to paint a long handscroll for the eightieth birthday celebration of the mother of a wealthy patron. Renowned artists often gathered an entourage of followers, some who were amateurs who painted while pursuing an official career and others who were full-time painters.[160]
Other scholar-bureaucrats were wary of Wang's heterodoxy, the increasing number of his disciples while he was still in office, and his overall socially rebellious message. To curb his influence, he was often sent out to deal with military affairs and rebellions far away from the capital. Yet his ideas penetrated mainstream Chinese thought and spurred new interest in Taoism and Buddhism.[180] Furthermore, people began to question the validity of the social hierarchy and the idea that the scholar should be above the farmer. Wang Yangming's disciple and salt-mine worker Wang Gen gave lectures to commoners about pursuing education to improve their lives, while his follower He Xinyin (何心隱) challenged the elevation and emphasis of the family in Chinese society.[180] His contemporary Li Zhi even taught that women were the intellectual equals of men and should be given a better education; both Li and He eventually died in prison, jailed on charges of spreading "dangerous ideas".[183] Yet these "dangerous ideas" of educating women had long been embraced by some mothers[184] and by courtesans who were as literate and skillful in calligraphy, painting, and poetry as their male guests.[185]
Farming villagers in the north spent their days harvesting crops like wheat and millet, while farmers south of the Huai River engaged in intensive rice cultivation and had lakes and ponds where ducks and fish could be raised. The cultivation of mulberry trees for silkworms and tea bushes could be found mostly south of the Yangzi River; even further south sugarcane and citrus were grown as basic crops.[188] Some people in the mountainous southwest made a living by selling lumber from hard bamboo. Besides cutting down trees to sell wood, the poor also made a living by turning wood into charcoal, and by burning oyster shells to make lime and fired pots, and weaving mats and baskets.[193] In the north traveling by horse and carriage was most common, while in the south the myriad of rivers, canals, and lakes provided cheap and easy water transport. Although the south had the characteristic of the wealthy landlord and tenant farmers, there were on average many more owner-cultivators north of the Huai River due to harsher climate, living not far above subsistence level.[194]
Sinologist historians debate the population figures for each era in the Ming dynasty. The historian Timothy Brook notes that the Ming government census figures are dubious since fiscal obligations prompted many families to underreport the number of people in their households and many county officials to underreport the number of households in their jurisdiction.[233] Children were often underreported, especially female children, as shown by skewed population statistics throughout the Ming.[234] Even adult women were underreported;[235] for example, the Daming Prefecture in North Zhili reported a population of 378,167 males and 226,982 females in 1502.[236] The government attempted to revise the census figures using estimates of the expected average number of people in each household, but this did not solve the widespread problem of tax registration.[237] Some part of the gender imbalance may be attributed to the practice of female infanticide. The practice is well documented in China, going back over two thousand years, and it was described as "rampant" and "practiced by almost every family" by contemporary authors.[238] However, the dramatically skewed sex ratios, which many counties reported exceeding 2:1 by 1586, cannot likely be explained by infanticide alone.[235]
In 1973, Justice Chin was recruited by the Oakland law firm of Aiken, Kramer & Cummings, Incorporated, to head its trial department. He became a principal of the firm in 1976. His successful trials include two judgments in excess of one million dollars. The first was a $1.3 million judgment in an unfair competition/ wrongful termination case in the Alameda County Superior Court, and the second was a $1.2 million award in an arbitration of a construction dispute in Los Angeles.
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Ming AnAssociate ProfessorCh...@binghamton.edu607-777-3224SN 1019BackgroundMing An's research interests are in the general areas of organic, bio-organic, medicinal, biological, and pharmaceutical chemistry, as well as chemical biology and drug discovery.
Ming's experience includes defending companies against suits filed by non-practicing entities (NPEs), securing numerous dismissals with no settlement payment or other favorable settlements. He deals with major licensors, often finding favorable resolutions to unreasonable license demands and risks of uncertainties. Ming has defeated patent infringement assertions made by leading wireless-technology licensors, prevailing on non-infringement, invalidity, damages, or other grounds. He also defends clients against patent-infringement assertions by NPEs relating to ICs, semiconductors, solid-state drives (SSDs), video surveillance, streaming, and networking products, securing unconditional or voluntary dismissals in several cases and favorable settlements in others. Ming has litigated several infringement and declaratory judgment actions in district courts as well as appeals to the Federal Circuit and U.S. Supreme Court.
Our lab has extensive collaborations on various projects with many investigators. Our current collaborators are Craig Meyers, Pennsylvania State University School of Medicine; Louise Chow, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine; Paul Lambert, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine; Thomas Tuschl, Rockefeller University; Neil Christensen, Pennsylvania State University School of Medicine; Renske Steenbergen, VUMC Amsterdam; Xin Xie, Zhengjiang University School of Medicine Women's Hospital; Ke Lan, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University; Lifang Zhang, Wenzhou Medical University; and Michael Kruhlak, Chuxia Deng, Jun Zhu, Yun-Xing Wang, and Maggie Cam, NIH.
Liu, W.M., Liu, R.Z., Garrison, Y.K., Kim, J.Y., Chan, L., Ho, Y.C.S., & Yeung, C.W. (2019). Racist Trauma, Microaggressions, and Becoming Racially Innocuous: Acculturative Distress and White Supremacist Ideology. 74(1), 143-155. ; Special Issue: Racial Trauma and Healing. American Psychologist
An introduction to data analysis with a focus on visualization. Topics include: visualization of scalar, vector and tensor data; software tools for image, volume and information visualization and analysis; descriptive statistics; time dependent data; data patterns; analyzing propositions, correlations, and spatial relationships. Application of these topics to natural sciences and engineering are discussed. This course will also introduce programming basics including data types, variable declarations, arithmetic expressions, conditional statements, function prototypes, standard libraries, stacks, queues, file processing, structures, unions, unix systems, file systems, and some I/0.
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