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The Abjad numerals, also called Hisab al-Jummal (Arabic: حِسَاب ٱلْجُمَّل, ḥisāb al-jummal), are a decimal alphabetic numeral system/alphanumeric code, in which the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet are assigned numerical values. They have been used in the Arabic-speaking world since before the eighth century when positional Arabic numerals were adopted.[1] In modern Arabic, the word ʾabjadīyah (أَبْجَدِيَّة) means 'alphabet' in general.
In the Abjad system, the first letter of the Arabic alphabet, ʾalif, is used to represent 1; the second letter, bāʾ, 2, up to 9. Letters then represent the first nine intervals of 10s and those of the 100s: yāʾ for 10, kāf for 20, qāf for 100, ending with 1000.
The word ʾabjad (أبجد) itself derives from the first four letters (A-B-G-D) of the Semitic alphabet, including the Aramaic alphabet, Hebrew alphabet, Phoenician alphabet, and other scripts for Semitic languages. These older alphabets contained only 22 letters, stopping at taw, numerically equivalent to 400. The Arabic Abjad system continues at this point with letters not found in other alphabets: thāʾ= 500, etc. Abjad numerals in Arabic are similar to the earlier alphanumeric codes of Hebrew gematria and Greek isopsephy.
The Abjad order of the Arabic alphabet has two slightly different variants. The Arabic abjad order is not a simple historical continuation of the earlier north Semitic alphabetic order, since it has a position corresponding to the Aramaic letter samekh / semkat ס, yet no letter of the Arabic alphabet historically derives from that letter.
In Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani's encyclopdia Kitāb al-Iklīl min akhbār al-Yaman wa-ansāb Ḥimyar (الإكليل من أخبار اليمن وأنساب حمير), the letter sequence is:[4]
The Abjad numerals are equivalent to the earlier Hebrew numerals up to 400. The Hebrew numeral system is known as Gematria and is used in Kabbalistic texts and numerology. Like the Abjad order, it is used in modern times for numbering outlines and points of information, including the first six days of the week. The Greek numerals differ in a number of ways from the Abjad ones (for instance in the Greek alphabet there is no equivalent for ص, ṣād). The Greek language system of letters-as-numbers is called isopsephy. In modern times the old 27-letter alphabet of this system also continues to be used for numbering lists.
Abjad numerals is an alphabetic numeral code where the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet are assigned a number/numerical value. It's mostly used in mathematics, Arabic numerology, and for numbering items in lists.
In Arabic, "abjad" means "alphabet", so the term "abjad numerals" simply means alphabet numerals or alphabet numbers when translated to English. Interestingly, the term "abjad" is abjad itself since it uses abjad numerals for the letters A, B, G, and D for its name.
For the first nine numbers, the Arabic alphabet is used (from the beginning) to assign an alphabetic numerical value to each number. So, for example, 1 is "ʾalif" (the word for the first letter of the alphabet), 2 is "bāʾ" (the word for the second letter of the alphabet), etc.
In Arabic, a hamza (ء) represents the glottal stop before or after a word beginning with a vowel. The abjad value of hamza can impact the overall value of a word, letter, or phrase in Arabic numerology, depending on whether it's recognized as a letter or not.
In abjad value, both "alif" and "hamza" have the same value of 1. However, there are variations in whether hamza should be recognized as a letter or not when determining abjad value. So, for example, the word "Bah" will either equal nine with the hamza included or eight without it.
The Abjad Calculator shows you each Arabic letter, its name, and its numerical value. It's a quick and easy-to-use online tool you can use to calculate the abjad value in Arabic numerology. It lets you calculate the abjad value, including hamza (ء) or ignoring it.
It's easy to use the Abjad Calculator. Simply use the chart to see the value and name of each Arabic letter. Or you can type a letter, word, or phrase into the calculator to instantly work out the abjad value. Because of the variations in recognizing the value of hamza (as explained above), you can choose to ignore hamza by checking the tick box.
When the Quran was revealed, 14 centuries ago, the numbers known today did not exist. A universal system was used where the letters of the Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek alphabets were used as numerals. The number assigned to each letter is its "Gematrical Value." The numerical "Gematrical" values of the Arabic alphabet are shown in table below.
A numeral is the figure or character used to represent a NUMBER. Throughout history there have been many different representations for numbers and for the basic process of counting. At first there were spoken numbers and finger numbers (indicated by positions of the hands and fingers). For permanent recording and intermediate calculations, however, it was necessary to have written numerals.
The modern system of numeration (designation by the use of numbers) is derived from the Hindu-Arabic system. It uses a place-value system with 10 as the BASE. This system began in India around the 6th century, developed in the Arabian countries, and progressed intoEurope and the rest of the world. Today all science and international trade use this system. The exact shape of the numerals has changed substantially over the years, but the introduction of printing has led to a standardization of shape.
The Prophet Muhammed who was a successful Merchant in his early life , has to know the Arabic Alphabets to work in trade, since all the numbers that he had to use were Alphabets. The discovery of the Mathematical Miracle of the Quran showed us a sophisticated systemwhere every letter, word, verse and Sura in the Quran is mathematically composed in addition to its most beautiful literal structure. The system is so sophisticated, no human being can, even with the assistance of the computers we have today, write such a beautiful literature that is mathematically composed as well.
The word abjad is an acronym derived from the first four consonantal shapes in the Arabic alphabet -- Alif, B, Jim, Dl. As such abjad designates the letters of the Arabic alphabet (also known as alifb') in the phrase hurf al-abjad. An adjective formed from this, abjad, means a novice at something. Nowadays the Arabic alphabet does not follow the sequence a-b-j-d, but rather the order: A-B-T-Th-J-H.-Kh-D (the basic shapes of the letters A-B-J-D without their diacritical dots do, however, occur in that order, insofar as T and Th are distinguished from B only by dots, and the H. and Kh from the J only by dots). However, the order A-B-J-D is quite ancient, insofar as the word abjad is not of Arabic origin, but comes from earlier written alphabets, perhaps from Phoenician though the sequence may be as old as Ugaritic. In any case, it certainly predates the writing down of Arabic, as can be seen by comparison of Hebrew (Aleph, Beth, Gimel, Daleth) and Greek (Alpha Beta Gamma Delta).
The so-called Arabic numerals that we use as ciphers to represent our numbers (1,2,3,4, etc.) were invented in India c. 600 A.D. They were first used in the Middle East by the mathematician al-Khwarazmi (c. 875), along with the zero. Though some Europeans were aware of these "Arabic" computational symbols as early as the 10th century, they did not come into general use until the 13th century in Europe. The point being that up until this time, written texts in Greek, Latin, Hebrew/Aramaic, Arabic/Persian, etc. used letters of the alphabet to represent numbers (the Latin equivalent is Roman numerals).
The Arabic numerals proved far superior for computational purposes to the previous systems (it is not possible to do positional computation with roman numerals, nor did they come with the zero, another gift of India). The older letter/numbers gradually fell out of use, except in certain contexts (specifically the use of Roman numerals and Abjad numerals to mark the page numbers of the introduction of a book and the use of Roman numerals to record the publication date of books until the 19th century and the production date of motion pictures until the 1960s). However, just because the letters were no longer generally used as numbers, this does not mean that the numerical associations died out. Among poets the numbers were used to write chronograms (a word that contains a numerical value; poets frequently tried to find words with a numerical equivalent to the year of someone's death to write an elegy, for example). Theologians and mystics invested the letters and their associated numberical values with mystical significance.
There are two principle variations in the Abjad system as to the value of certain letters; the Arabs of North Africa and Spain gave a different alpha-numeric order to some of the letters in the 100s than was common in the Levant and the Islamic east. However, this variation does not affect the values of letters under 100, which have always and everywhere been the same, so far as I know.
The Abjad values and their mnemonic groupings are as follows. Short vowels have no value (except in the beginning of a word, where they are necessarily accompanied by alif/hamza). Note that hamza (') and `ayn (`) are different letters with different values, as are the letters followed by dots (which would be underdots in printed versions of texts rendered in accord with the romanization system used by Shoghi Effendi for Baha'i texts). For the details of why hamza and alif have the same value (i.e., = ' = 1), see below.
Likewise, doubled consonants (hurf mushaddada) are counted only once. For example, though in transliteration we write Muhammad, in the Arabic script, the doubled consonant "mm" is represented by a diacritical mark (tashdid) over a single "m", which is therefore only written once and only counted once. Hence the numerical values of Muhammad and Nabl are identical (remember not to count the short vowels, which are any vowels in transliteration which lack the accent mark):
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