President Bush is the Most Dangerous Man in this World Who Invents Latest Devices of Mass Destruction Daily, seven years Old Prithu Told me in an Exclusive Interview!

[Palash]

President Bush is the Most Dangerous Man in this World Who Invents
Latest Devices of Mass Destruction Daily, seven years Old Prithu Told
me in an Exclusive Interview!

Troubled Galaxy Destroyed Dreams: Chapter 71

Palash Biswas

President Bush is the Most Dangerous Man in this World Who Invents
Latest Devices of Mass Destruction Daily, seven years Old Prithu Told
me in an Exclusive Interview!

We did not meet for long time. Rajiv, my Nainital days friend brought
the latest issue of Pahaar for me right from nainital and I was
insisting to meet.

On 16th September, 2008, I visited his home in Singhbari near
Mukundpur on EM Bypass. Rajiv was still in his office. Meena was busy
in the kitchen.
I just decided to chat with the children. Rajiv has two kids.

Golu, who is a standard five student. Tathagat

And Prithu, a standard Three student, just seven years old.

The beginning was very casual. I loved the smart boys and they also
love me.

In Meerut, I befriended all the Old men and Ladies in the locality and
enjoyed to share their life and experience.

In Kolkata, I have some most respected Old personalities known
nationwide as my friends. But now, I am getting old. Now, I enjoy to
share the lost childhood with my little friends in my circle.

I have already written about Tatai, a Little boy in my neighbourhood.
A little chat with the boy gives me maximum energy to enjoy the rest
of the day as well as my workload.

Prithu and Golu received me with their childish warmth and we sat in
the drawing room.

I asked Prithu, `Master Prithvijeet Singh, in what class do you read
in nowadays’

`Standard Three!’ was the innocent answer.

Naughtily I asked, `just prove it, i don`t believe that you are such a
big guy!’

He spoke on the utility of water, a science topic.

I asked him to recite some poem.

He recited.

In the heart of a seed buried deep,so deep!

A dear little plant fast asleep!

Then he informed, `I write poems myself!’

i told him,` I also used to write poems while I was student of class
three’.

The boy did not challenge me.

I asked him to recite his poem.

He recited:

One Two Three Puppies gone out

They eat yummy Fish

And say Bow! Wow!

I got the jingle! but I asked him, I don`t understand yummy! What is
this!

He answered,`It is tasty as chocolate!’

Meanwhile I was also chatting with Golu. He is growing fast.

Golu challenged me, `Uncle you may not defeat Prithu in any topic. he
is very quick to answer any question! Just try!’

I am aware of the growing IQ amongst the 21st century children as they
are equipped with Internet and TV channels. We in comparison had never
had the access to the Information bank. I am also aware of little Quiz
masters! I was ready to get stereotype answers. But the next hour
proved to be stunning for even a man emerged in constant source of
information like me!
I blundered to ask,` Dear Prithu! just assess Ms Mamata Bannerjee!’

He answered without any pause,` Mamata Bannerjee is the Greatest
Striking leader India has ever produced!’

I stumbled. But decided to use a bouncer!

I asked, ` What about dada, Saurabh Ganguli?’

His instant answer was, ` Saurabh Ganguli is a former Cricketer who
may come back!’

Amazing! I thought any sports editor would be proud to coin such a
explosive exclusive sentence! I was impressed with his punch of
spontaneous humour and satire and right choice of diction.

Yes, it is not abnormal. I talk to every child in my sight anywhere.i
learn from them. Believe me, it is an infinite source of energy and
inspiration. Post modern children seem not confused at any point. They
never hesitate to express them in most accurate words. They are not
biased.

I got it that Prithu might be one of the lot. But I tried hard to know
the mind set of a seven years old kid. And set another fiercest
bouncer for him!

I asked, `What do you think about President George Bush?’

The answer stunned me! My God!

He was answering for the rest of the world!

He told quite emphatically,` President Bush is the most dangerous man
who invents devices of Mass Destruction daily!’

I surrendered.

`Prithu, let me have an exclusive formal interview!’

Golu asked, `Where would you get it published?”

I told,` I would post it in my Blog! rest of the world should know how
you children deal modern social realism and modern times!’

Golu demanded,`Let us have a print of the item’.

I agreed. My friend Rajiv does not use Cell Phone. Though Meena has
one. I myself am not habitual of Cell Phones. though I have one and my
wife savita receives the calls. We are on the same wave length. but I
have Internet and cable connection. Golu and Prithu use Computer and
knows about the use of Internet thanks to their schooling! but Rajiv
skipped the Net Connection. He also skipped cable. The children have
the access to only National Door Darshan Network! later, I came to
understand why they favour Nuclear energy with such a positive mindset
contrarily to their attitude towards international and national
affairs alien to the children of our generation. For us it was never
so spontaneous. We never were privileged of quality schooling. We
never knew technology. Even newspapers were out of our reach in remote
areas as well as in urban or suburban areas!

Rajiv entered and wished me.

I told him, `Just wait! I am busy to get an exclusive interview’.

Rajiv smiled and went into the bathroom.

Prithu demanded,` Uncle! My grand Pa and Grand Ma should have the
copy!’

`Why not your parents?’ I wondered.

Prithu answered,` Papa is always busy with his works!’

Golu added,` Mummy is always busy in her kitchen.’

Prithu finished,` but Grand Pa and Grand Ma have all the time in the
Universe just for us!’

I know the young couples around me who love to be alone and happy.
they deprive their children the proper family environment. They never
have any time for the kids. Most of the children have no relations. No
Grand Pa. No Grand Ma. it leads to large scale personality disorder
and drug addiction. Be Aware!

I agreed to the precondition and the formal interview progressed.
Rajiv entered the studies. Meena was still in the Kitchen.

Rajiv just warned Golu, Let the interviewer question! Not you!’

`O.K. Papa,’ he assured.
I asked, `what do you think about Kolakta?’

Prithu: `What is Kolkata?The British just inserted a Victoria memorial
right into its heart!’

Golu instantly commented,`Howrah Bridge is also constructed by the
British!’

question: Just comment on the visiting Aussies Cricket team!

Prithu: Aussies love Bomb blasts in India. They hate Bomb Blasts in
Pakistan. They skipped challenger Trophy. but they are visiting India!

Question: What do you think about our Home Town Nainital?

Prithu: Nainital is a Lovable place without Pollution!

Kolakat is the worst polluted city in India!

Question: Do you like NCERT books?

Prithu: NCERT books are interesting. Not Boring.

Question: Is computer helpful?

Prithu: It is helpful but we have no Net. but computer is also harmful
as the children tend to be indulged in video games!

Question: And TV?

Answer: The Government is more concerned for the ladies. TV programmes
are made to entertain the ladies. We children have little space.

Question: do you know about Big Bang?

Prithu: I know. big Bang Experiment is Good. We know only four percent
of facts about the Universe. Big Bang may unfold unknown mysteries!

Question: And the risks involved?

Prithu: I am not afraid of Astrology. The possibility of Black hole s
to be created ,is very remote. It is an imagination, the scientists
claim and we believe.

Rajiv Emerged from his study and set a question forgetting his own
warning to Golu, `What is Imagination?’

Prithu: The capacity to see beyond!

Question: Internets?

Prithu: Internet is only good to update information about the latest
styles of George Bush!

Question: Indo US Nuclear deal?

Answer: It is in national interest. We have to get Nuclear energy to
deal with energy crisis!

Question:Dr Manmohan Singh?

Prithu: He is good. clean. He is not Corrupt.

Question: Lalu Prasad Yadav?

Prithu: He is an excellent Railway Minister.

Question: Mrs Pratibha Patil?

Prithu: She is a good President.

Question: Shopping Malls?

Prithu: A market place is better than a shopping mall! We get every
item in a shopping mall. But it is a closed enclosure while the market
place is wide open!

Question:Osama Bin Laden?

Prithu: Osama Bin Laden is more powerful than United States of
America!

Question: War and civil war?

Prithu answered quite philosophically, ` Future is responsible for war
and civil War!”
Prithu could not explain his view. He does not understand the
strategic affairs neither the strategic alliances. But I got the
impression that he might be hinting on the strategy of Future which
ignites War and Civil War! For example, Star wars!


Rajiv has been my one of my close friends in Nainital during my
college days. His father was the Sub Divisional Magistrate posted in
Nainital. Rajiv had been a brilliant student in his student life. He
passed intermediate from Pant Nagar Government Inter College. We met
after the Pant Nagar Genocide 13th April, 1978. I reported the event
in Nainital Samachar with Shekhar Pathak and Girda. The report was
republished in dinman edited by Raghubir Sahai. Then, Rajiv was a BSC
student in Pant Nagar university. He was involved in dramatic
activities in Nainital. Zahoor Alam, DK, Dheeraj, Munnu and Umesh
Tiwari Biswas made his friend circle. Suddenly he broke into our
group. Bhanu Pratap Singh and Anil Joshi also belonged to Bureaucrat
family background and though we were good Friends, we never admitted
them in our group. Even some of the Yugmanch actors were known as
careerist. We always tried to avoid them.

In those days, Me and Deepti Sundar Mallick shared a room in Bengal
Hotel on Mal road. Deepti accompanied me from Dineshpur. We shared our
reading experiences during junior classes in Dinesh Pur High school.
He was much involved with music. He had his musical troupe in
Nainital. Both of us landed in GIC Hostel in Craig land. Where we were
ragged very hard. I was targeted mercilessly just for my excellent
result from a remote school. We could not bear this. our English
teacher, the grand Old man JC Pant, whom we respected most, was the
warden of the Hostel.We just came down to plains and complained wildly
against our hostel life. My father`s Dhimri Block Comrade, a well
respected advocate in Nainital, Harish Dhaundiyal was our local
guardian. Ex ministers Dungar Singh Bisht and Pratap Bhaiya were also
very affectionate. But we refused to return the Hostel.

My father shifted us in Bengal Hotel. The owner Sadanad Guha Majumdar
was my father`s friend. His wife was a sisterly figure for us. We
remained there until we passed Intermediate. Kapilesh Bhoj had been in
Craig land. We had already become the students of Tara Chandra
Tripathi. I was writing in Hindi. My articles were being published
since 1973. I had been a regular contributor to the local daily,
Dainik Parvatiya. Bhoj and me always shared our creative experience.
Meanwhile, Bhoj introduced me to Pawan Rakesh who was also a student
in GIC. He was a commerce student. Then, we met Girda. In 1975, Bhoj
and me were shifted in the house of Tara Chandra Tripathi at Mohan
Niwas just above the Mid Lake Library.

In 1976, we returned to Bengal hotel once again. Now we were B.A.
final year students. Emergency was proclaimed. We joined SFI. We were
engaged in underground activities and were linked to All India network
of Progressive Writers thanks to Sabyasachi, the editor of Uttarardha,
published from Mathura. We participated in an all India Writers`
underground meeting against emergency in Kota, Rajsthan. Where we met
and befriended with Suneet Chopra, now a national leader of CPIM
organisation. He was just marred then and was pleading in favour of
marriage. Bhoj was in dilemma as his marriage was fixed and he was not
yet ready for it.Eventually he got married without informing friends
in Nainital. Rakesh leacked the news. Returning from Kota, we met
Pradeep Tamta who was also a student in DSB and lived in the Langham
House Hostel. he was associated with the Naxalite group in Terai led
by MS. While some of our Nainital and Almora friends were linked with
Chandrapulla Reddy group.

In Chipko movement, while the students led the mainstream movement
since Nainital club Fire in 1978, Gandhian and Sarvodayee faction led
by Chandi Prasad Bhatt and Sunder Lal Bahuguna lodged strongest
protest against the Violence option we opted for. Uttarakhand
Sangharsh Vahini was formed. Raja Bahuguna, now CPIML leader joined
us. We were a strongest group fro ever. And we launched a fortnightly
mag, Nainital Samchar. We had Yugmach artists led by Zahoor as our
best associates and were doing our Kumauni version of experiments with
Street Play ranging from Bhartendu, Badal Sarkar to Brecht!

This was the background while Rajiv entered our group as a trespasser.
We never allowed him. but he broke in. He had always been very elegant
with his intellect. He had aesthetic sense with surgical precison.
Very soon, I became a part of the family of SDM, Nainital. The family
is still intact even after I left Nainital in 1979. While I was
working as a professional journalist, Rajiv got admission in JNU. He
left. Then he got admission in Meerut where from he was supposed to
complete his Phd. in Sociology. Then he left research work and joined
as lecturer in a Bulandshahar college. He was in regular contact with
us in those days.suddenly he was absconding. We heard he became an
Officer in the tourism department in Kumaun Vikas Mandal. Then the
news came, he left for Pune Film Institute. We also got the news when
he left the institute and was working as assistant director.

It was perhaps in 1999, while he appeared in Kolakat at my home in
Sodepur on a fine morning. We came to know that was a married man now.
We met Meena, his wife later.

Rajiv joined film division Kolkata as a director.

One night while I was busy on News desk he appeared in our editorial
and informed me that he was making a documentary on Jehanabad genocide
culture and I had to accompany him in outdoor shooting. I just
refused. i knew nothing of the medium. But we discussed the script in
my office, in his office and in his residence with some Vodka. He made
the film and got a national prize from the President of India. Next
time, he involved me in script writing in his documentary , `Small is
Beautiful’. Then I was the Script, Screenplay and dialogue writer in
his first feature film, `Vasseyat’,(The Will). We shot the film in
Banaras. Rajiv assembled everyone belonging seventies in Nainital.
Girda, Zahoor, DK, Neeraj, Idrish and we made a Nainital on the waves
of the Ganges in Banars for one full month in December, 2000. Niraml
Pandey was also there. He was in a Bollywood film Aanch, being shot
there. He spent some time with our unit. Uday Yadav from our friend
circle in Allahabad also joined us as Local manager.His kala commune
team was working with us. I spent some time with our dear poet
Gyanendra Pati also.

next year I was doing a feature film with Joshy Joseph in Manipur.

Imaginary Lines.

But it was very hard to work with Joshy. he is a complete dictator. He
always dominated the writer. I disliked it most despite his excellent
vision.

Joshy and me decided to join Adoor Gopal Krishnan as assistant
directors. Suddenly I got news from Nainital that my father was
indisposed. I had to go to Nainital. Death of my father broke my
growing relations with the Celluloid.

But it could not break my friendship with Rajiv and Joshy.

I am proud of them.



News Analysis
For the Nominees, New Roles and New Risks
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/us/politics/25assess.html?_r=1&hp=&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1222351216-dkHZVnSiWlQm59IVlw67qg&oref=slogin
By MICHAEL COOPER
Published: September 24, 2008
Senators John McCain and Barack Obama became the leaders of their
respective parties in an entirely new way Wednesday, as Congress
looked to them for guidance — and political cover — on the proposed
$700 billion rescue of the financial sector, a bailout that many
lawmakers fear will prove unpopular even if they think it necessary.

The new role is a risky one for both presidential nominees. It puts
them directly on the line over an issue whose politics are mutating
almost by the hour, forcing them to balance a sense that the country
is angry about the prospect of being stuck with the bill for Wall
Street’s excesses against a chance that failure to act quickly could
have dire economic consequences.

Whatever the risk, Senators McCain and Obama were all-in by the end of
the day Wednesday, having been invited by President Bush to the White
House on Thursday to help negotiate a deal that could win enough
support from both parties to pass.

The politics are especially complex for Mr. McCain, who took the
bigger gamble earlier in the day by assertively claiming a leadership
role, saying he would suspend his campaign to help broker a solution
and calling on Mr. Obama to postpone their first debate, scheduled for
Friday night.

After weeks of increasingly aggressive attacks on Mr. Obama — and no
doubt aware of a series of polls suggesting an erosion in his support
— Mr. McCain cast himself as willing to set aside partisan politics to
do what was right for the country, and challenged Mr. Obama to do the
same. But he now also faces the task of rallying support from his own
party, which is divided over the rescue and has long viewed him with a
degree of wariness.

For days the two candidates had been offering general principles and
distancing themselves in similar ways from the proposal that the Bush
administration had put on the table. But if their substantive
approaches were not very different, their tones were, with Mr. McCain
sounding increasingly populist and Mr. Obama more technocratic.

That in turn had stoked the fears of Congressional Republicans. Many
worried that they were being asked to go out on a limb for an
unpopular incumbent president, only to risk being chastised for doing
so by their party’s presidential nominee should he come out against
whatever plan was eventually adopted, leaving them exposed to a
backlash from voters.

In that sense, Mr. McCain’s move Wednesday was welcome news to
Republicans on Capitol Hill.

Democrats in Congress have been more united in their willingness to go
along with a plan if they can win most of the concessions they are
seeking from the administration. But they, too, looked to their
nominee for guidance. Many were reluctant to tie Mr. Obama’s hands by
authorizing a lame-duck administration to spend money he hoped to use
to expand access to health care, foster research for renewable energy
and cut taxes for the middle class.

After Mr. McCain got out ahead of him Wednesday by publicly committing
himself to help find a solution, Mr. Obama remained cautious,
suggesting that he would not necessarily rush back to Washington or
plunge into the negotiations himself. Still, Mr. McCain’s tactic
focused attention on the two of them as the political leaders with the
most power to get a deal completed.

So after trying to float above the issue, both men found themselves
holding perhaps more sway than they would have cared to over the fate
of a financial-crisis solution that may offer no good answers, only
less bad ones.

Now Mr. McCain and Mr. Obama are each feeling their way in a confused
environment where the politics are almost as tangled as the
complicated credit default swaps that have snarled the financial
sector. The two candidates are being tested in real time, with real
consequences, as lawmakers look to them for cues as they seek to
balance their impulses to strike populist notes of defiance against
the bailout with the need to adopt a solution that may or may not work
but that could certainly alienate voters.

“I guess I wouldn’t want to be in either of their shoes,” said Bruce
Bartlett, a former Treasury Department economist who has worked for
Republican presidents but has been a severe critic of President Bush.

The candidates had been inching forward almost daily toward engaging
in the bailout. Mr. McCain struck a negative tone Monday in Scranton,
Pa., warning that “we won’t solve a problem caused by poor oversight
with a plan that has no oversight.” On Tuesday he continued to press
for changes to the proposal, but sounded a more urgent note that
something must be done, declaring in Michigan that “further inaction
is simply not an option.” By Wednesday afternoon, he had announced
that he would suspend his campaign to try to forge consensus on the
rescue.

Mr. Obama, too, went from offering broad critiques of the proposal,
and general outlines for changes, to calling Mr. McCain on Wednesday
with the idea that they could present a united front on the issue,
laying out the areas of common ground on a way forward. (Both have
called for greater oversight and for assurances that taxpayer dollars
not be used to enrich executives, among other provisions.)

Now the question is who will be seen as politicizing the issue, and
who will come across as more presidential: Mr. McCain, with his
decision to suspend campaigning and his striking call to delay the
first of the debates, or Mr. Obama, with his warning that presidents
must be able to multitask and that a dramatic return to Washington
would “infuse Capitol Hill with presidential politics.”

Thursday, September 25, 2008
WASHINGTON NEWS
Bush Warns "Entire Economy Is In Danger"
http://www.usnews.com/usnews/politics/bulletin/bulletin_080925.htmMedia
reports are casting President Bush's televised address last night as
both a warning to the nation on the severity of the financial crisis
and an attempt to push Congress into passing his proposed bailout. A
number of the stories remark on Bush's stark warnings about the health
of the economy. Roll Call, for example, says Bush "sketched a
frightening view of the economic danger," and used "unusually blunt
and even dramatic language." The New York Times reports Bush told the
country that "'a long and painful recession' could occur if Congress
does not act quickly." Like many other media outlets this morning, the
Times quotes the President saying, "Our entire economy is in danger."
Bush's speech highlighted "a growing sense of urgency on the part of
the administration that Congress must act to avert a far-reaching
economic collapse." USA Today notes the President also said, "Without
immediate action by Congress, America could slip into a financial
panic. ... More banks could fail, including some in your community."
He also "warned that inaction could cause millions of layoffs, bank
failures, business closures, lost retirement savings, more
foreclosures, a further drying up of credit." McClatchy, Los Angeles
Times and Washington Post run similar reports.

The speech is also seen as a response to critics who accused the
President of not having played a lead role in the government's efforts
to defuse the crisis. USA Today reports, for example, that Bush faced
"criticism from some Democrats for being AWOL in the debate," and the
Wall Street Journal says that "until now," the President had "relied
largely on Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson -- a former Goldman Sachs
CEO -- and Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke to make the case for
the plan," but "Republican support has been so soft that Democrats
worried they would have to take on most of the responsibility -- and
political risk -- for passing the package." And "to spread that risk,
Democrats on Tuesday called on Mr. Bush to address the nation."

The Politico describes Paulson as "the captain of a crowded lifeboat"
who "struggled to stay afloat in Congress Wednesday, battling the
waves crashing in on his Wall Street rescue plan." With his speech,
Bush was "lending a hand" and taking "back the helm long enough
Wednesday night to deliver a nationally televised address," but "to
the surprise of some in his own administration, Bush spent precious
political capital by using the speech to try to help McCain by
bringing him into what have been delicate negotiations with Congress."

McCain, Obama To Attend White House Talks Today The AP notes Bush
"spoke just after inviting Democrat Sen. Barack Obama and Republican
Sen. John McCain, one of whom will inherit the mess in four months,
and key congressional leaders to an extraordinary White House meeting
Thursday to hammer out a compromise." In his speech, the President
"explicitly endorsed several of the changes that have been demanded in
recent days from the right and left. But he warned that he would draw
the line at regulations he determined would hamper economic growth."
Another AP story and a report in the Los Angeles Times, among other
media stories, note both Obama and McCain have said they will attend
the meeting.


Deal On Bailout Looming?
Before President Bush's speech last night, ABC World News reported his
televised appearance was "not coming a moment too soon, as opposition
seems to be growing here in Congress for the legislation that could be
the most important of Mr. Bush's presidency." NBC Nightly News said "a
lot of Americans and many in Congress seem to be saying today: 'Wait a
minute. What's in here, and what's it going to cost all of us?,'" and
as a result "the original plan is in trouble. They talked all day in
Washington," and "they're still talking tonight."

The CBS Evening News, however, said that "away from the overheated
rhetoric, sources say negotiators are moving closer to a deal. The
Bush Administration now has signed off on oversight, meaning the
treasury secretary will have to answer for how he spends the bailout
dollars. And Democrats apparently have won their fight on executive
compensation, meaning the salaries and severance of top executives
would be somehow capped if their companies unload bad assets on the
government." Along similar lines, George Stephanopoulos said on ABC
World News that "the Democrats think they are making progress on
working towards a deal. The White House is saying the same thing."

The Hill (9/25, Soraghan) reports that "according to a Democratic
source," Democrats and Republicans "on key committees are nearing
agreement...and will sit down Thursday morning to craft a final
bipartisan plan." The aide "said that 'not too many' issues remain
unresolved for the 10 a.m. meeting." Roll Call also says "senators on
both sides coalesced around a proposal late Wednesday that Members
predicted would pass before Wall Street's opening bell on Monday." The
Washington Post, Christian Science Monitor, New York Times, Wall
Street Journal and USA Today also report a deal could be near.

CBO Head: Bailout Could Make Crisis Worse. The Washington Post
reports, "The director of the Congressional Budget Office said
yesterday that the proposed Wall Street bailout could actually worsen
the current financial crisis." Appearing before the House Budget
Committee, Peter R. Orszag "said the bailout could expose the way
companies are stowing toxic assets on their books, leading to greater
problems." Said Orszag, "Ironically, the intervention could even
trigger additional failures of large institutions, because some
institutions may be carrying troubled assets on their books at
inflated values. ... Establishing clearer prices might reveal those
institutions to be insolvent." The Financial Times and New York Times
also report on Orszag's comments.

Markets Await Outcome Of Bailout Debate ABC World News reported that
amid the "uncertainty and the negotiations" on the financial bailout
plan, it was "a relatively calm day on Wall Street. The Dow was
virtually unchanged, losing just 29 points. That's far less volatile
than recent days." The AP notes the Dow now stands at "10,825.17. The
decline leaves the Dow down more than 560 points, or about 5 percent,
for the week." Yesterday, "the Standard & Poor's 500 index slipped
2.35, or 0.20 percent, to 1,185.87, and the Nasdaq composite index
rose 2.35, or 0.11 percent, to 2,155.68."

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Offshore Drilling Still Faces Hurdles
Roll Call reports this morning that that despite the Democrats'
"stunning reversal" allowing the "offshore drilling moratorium to
expire," energy "lobbyists say that...it is just the first of many
steps that will be needed before new oil platforms...are actually
built and put to use." Companies that seek to drill offshore "face a
lengthy regulatory process with the federal government and hurdles
within individual states as well. All of that gives plenty of room for
green groups to stop the drilling or to use the ban as a bargaining
chip in energy legislation negotiations next year."

Opinion Divided On Reason For Record Oil Spike. The Wall Street
Journal reports, "As theories swirl around Monday's unprecedented jump
in oil futures," US "officials suggested that a financial trader was
responsible, though market participants suspect an oil producer might
have been caught in dire need of extra barrels." The Journal adds,
"U.S. Energy Secretary Samuel Bodman doused suggestions that an oil
company or other commercial-industry participant with a need for crude
oil for delivery next month entered the Nymex futures market to secure
it." However, "several analysts contended that the wild
trading...reflected an oil company that suddenly found itself short
crude oil after hurricanes Gustav and Ike shut down most production in
the Gulf of Mexico and barrels at the main delivery point for Nymex
crude had dwindled."


House To Investigate Rangel.
The CBS Evening News reported last night the House "plans to
investigate one of its own, New York Congressman Charles Rangel. He's
come under fire for, among other things, failure to pay taxes on a
luxury villa he owns in the Dominican Republic." The New York Democrat
"has rejected calls that he step down as chairman of the House Ways
and Means Committee." Roll Call notes the House ethics committee voted
yesterday "to establish an investigative subcommittee to examine a
multitude of allegations that" Rangel "violated the chamber's rules."
According to a statement issued by the committee, "the four-member
subcommittee will examine Rangel's ownership of a Dominican Republic
villa, living arrangements, use of House parking facilities and
fundraising efforts on behalf of a City College of New York center
bearing his name."

The Hill interviewed Rangel, who likened "the ethics controversy
swirling around him to being in a hospital bed," saying, "Everyone's
coming to see you, but you wish you weren't in the hospital." The Hill
adds "it is clear that Rangel, the amicable 78-year-old serving in his
19th term, is not pleased with how House Republican leaders and the
press have treated him." Rangel "said about a dozen Republicans
privately apologized to him for voting with" Minority Leader John
Boehner to investigate him, "saying they were under political
pressure. Asked if Boehner privately apologized to him, Rangel said,
'Hell, no!,'" adding that "Boehner is 'insecure' in his leadership
post."


Latest House Spending Bill Loaded With 2322 Earmarks.
ABC World News reported last night, "Under pressure of an October 1st
deadline to pass a new budget, the House today followed what has
become a tradition of late and punted. Instead of passing separate
appropriations bills to fund each department of government as the
Congress is supposed to do, the House instead passed a giant $630
billion omnibus spending bill which will fund the government for six
months instead of the full fiscal year." Roll Call notes that the
continuing resolution passed "without a single challenge to the
thousands of earmarks worth billions of dollars, infuriating
government watchdogs and fiscal hawks who thought changes made this
Congress would stem the earmark tide." Roll Call adds that President
Bush "had threatened to veto bills that didn't reduce earmarks by half
but caved in negotiations with lawmakers." Taxpayers for Common Sense
"counted 2,322 earmarks worth $6.6 billion."

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Top

CAMPAIGN NEWS
McCain Suspends Campaign, Seeks To Delay Friday's Debate.
Coverage of Sen. John McCain's announcement that he is suspending his
campaign immediately, and is not likely to participate in Friday's
scheduled first debate with Sen. Barack Obama, led all three network
news broadcasts last night and dominated cable news programming both
before and after the President's address. ABC World News reported that
McCain "said he would suspend campaigning, no speeches, no fund-
raising, no commercials, and go back to Washington to help solve the
economic crisis." According to NBC Nightly News, McCain aides say he
"made his decision to freeze his own political schedule mid-morning.
That came after meeting with economic advisers and after phoning a
number of members of Congress. Advisers said that included Hillary
Clinton." The CBS Evening News said McCain "says he made that dramatic
decision after becoming convinced the Administration's Wall Street
bailout plan had almost no chance of passage, thereby imperiling the
economy. ... The goal, McCain said, is to reach agreement before the
stock market opens on Monday."

The networks presented McCain's decision straightforwardly, with
little political analysis or speculation as to ulterior motives. On
the other hand, MSNBC's Keith Olbermann, Rachel Maddow and Chris
Mathews repeatedly posited last night that McCain was forced to
"reset" his campaign due to "deteriorating" poll numbers. This
morning's papers echo that theme, with the New York Times contending
in a front-page article that McCain "made his decision to try to delay
the debate as he has been struggling to find his political footing on
the financial crisis and a number of recent polls showed that more
Americans trust Mr. Obama to handle the economy than Mr. McCain." The
Washington Post's Harold Meyerson and the New York Times' Gail Collins
also take up this theme in their columns today.

A major theme in the news coverage is the notion that McCain is taking
a major gamble with his campaign. The Washington Post, in a front-page
article titled, "Selfless Or Reckless? McCain Gambles On Voters'
Verdict," says McCain "is a gambler by nature, and the bet he placed
Wednesday may be among the biggest of his political life." According
to the Wall Street Journal, "The dramatic gestures were in keeping
with a career with many such moments. As in the past, it was both high
risk and high reward. It draws attention to him at a time when
Democrats stand to benefit from economic turmoil and helps him recast
the question as one of leadership, where he is viewed positively. But
he risks coming off as exploiting a very real problem for political
gain." The Politico, in an article titled, "McCain Plan A 'Stunt' Or
'Smart Move,'" says "opinion often broke sharply along partisan
lines. ... But several observers said they thought McCain's move
bolstered his leadership credentials and demonstrated a willingness to
put national interest ahead of partisan politics."


Obama To Attend Debate With Or Without McCain
ABC World News reported that Sen. John McCain "called for a delay in
Friday's first presidential debate. Barack Obama was having none of
that, saying the new president will have to deal with more than one
thing at once and he said he'll be at the debate." ABC added that
yesterday afternoon, the bipartisan commission on presidential debates
released a statement "saying that it is moving forward with its plans
for Friday night's debate at the University in Oxford, Mississippi."
The CBS Evening News said Sen. Obama "did not take the bait." Fox
News' Special Report added that Obama "will continue all of this
campaigning activities, including preparing for the debate, running
commercials" and "raising money."

There does appear to be a chance the debate will feature both
candidates. Sen. Lindsey Graham, McCain's representative in debate
negotiations, told the AP that McCain "will not attend the debate
unless there is agreement on a solution that is publicly endorsed by
Obama, McCain, the White House and congressional leaders." On MSNBC
last night, former GOP strategist Mike Murphy predicted that Sen.
McCain will end up participating Friday night.

Obama Reportedly Surprised By McCain's Announcement NBC Nightly News
said that McCain's move "came as a shock" to Obama. The New York Times
adds that Obama "said that he and Mr. McCain had spoken for about five
minutes by telephone on Wednesday afternoon, but during that
conversation he said he was not left with the impression that Mr.
McCain planned to skip the debate."


Obama Tops McCain In Most National Polls.
Even as the country's attention focuses on the financial crisis, an
issue many analysts believe helps Sen. Obama, most polls suggest the
issue â?? at least for now â?? may not be giving the Illinois senator
much of a boost. One polls shows a larger lead -- a Fox News poll of
900 registered voters conducted September 22-23 shows Sen. Barack
Obama leading 45%-39% -- but the rest show a tighter race.

A Los Angeles Times /Bloomberg News poll of 1,287 registered voters,
including 838 likely voters, taken September 19-22 shows Obama leading
McCain 46%-44% among registered voters and 49%-45% among likely
voters.

An NBC Nightly News /Wall Street Journal poll of 1,085 registered
voters taken September 19-22 shows Obama leading McCain 46%-45%.

The Gallup daily presidential tracking poll of 2,712 registered voters
taken September 21-23 shows Obama leading McCain 47%-44%.

The Rasmussen Reports automated daily presidential tracking poll for
September 24 shows Obama leading McCain 48%-46%.

The Battleground tracking poll shows McCain leading Obama 48%-46%. The
survey of 800 likely voters was conducted over September 17-18, and
21-23.

A Zogby Interactive online poll of 2,331 likely voters taken September
19-20 shows Obama leading McCain 47%-44%.


Obama Said To Be "Breaking Open" Contest At State Level
The Politico reports that "state by state," Sen. Barack Obama "is
showing signs of breaking open a presidential race that looked
deadlocked through much of September."

Obama Up In 3 Colorado Surveys A Rasmussen Reports automated poll of
700 likely Colorado voters taken September 23 shows Obama leading
McCain 50%-47%. An Insider Advantage /Poll Position poll of 505 likely
Colorado voters taken September 23 shows Obama leading McCain 50%-41%.
A TIME /CNN poll of 932 registered Colorado voters, including 794
likely voters, taken September 21-23 shows Obama leads 51%-45% among
registered voters and 51%-47% among likely voters.

Obama Up In Pair Of Pennsylvania Polls A TIME /CNN poll of 920
registered Pennsylvania voters, including 730 likely voters, taken
September 21-23 shows Obama leading McCain 52%-43% among registered
voters and 53%-44% among likely voters. A Strategic Vision (R) poll of
1,200 likely Pennsylvania voters taken September 20-22 shows Obama
leading McCain 47%-46%.

McCain Up 3 In Florida A Strategic Vision (R) poll of 1,200 likely
Florida voters taken September 20-22 shows McCain leading Obama
48%-45%.

Polls Conflict In New Hampshire A Marist poll of 763 New Hampshire
Registered Voters taken September 17-21 shows Obama leading McCain
48%-45% among registered voters and 51%-45% among likely voters.
However, a Rasmussen Reports automated poll of 700 likely New
Hampshire voters taken September 23 shows McCain leading Obama
49%-47%.

Obama Holds Significant Lead In Iowa A Marist poll of 714 Iowa
Registered Voters taken September 18-21 shows Obama leading McCain
46%-41% among registered voters and 51%-41% among likely voters.

Obama Leads In Michigan A TIME /CNN poll of 966 registered Michigan
voters, including 765 likely voters, taken September 21-23 shows Obama
leads McCain 51%-44% among registered voters and 51%-46% among likely
voters.

McCain Holds Double-Digit Lead In Montana A TIME /CNN poll of 903
registered Montana voters, including 737 likely voters, taken
September 21-23 shows McCain leading 54%-43% among likely voters.

McCain Up 4 In West Virginia A TIME /CNN poll of 876 registered West
Virginia voters, including 694 likely voters, taken September 21-23
shows McCain leading Obama 50%-46% among likely voters.

McCain Holds Edge In Battleground States An NPR/Greenberg (D) poll of
800 likely voters in battleground states (Colorado, Florida, Iowa,
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico,
North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Wisconsin) shows
McCain leading Obama 46%-44%. In addition, 49% expect Obama to do
better in the debate, while 34% expect McCain to do better.


Palin Meets Key Foreign Leaders
The AP reports Gov. Sarah Palin spent another day meeting with world
leaders "as part of an effort by" the McCain campaign "to counter
criticism that the former small-town mayor lacks the experience to be
vice president, let alone president in an emergency." Palin met with
Iraqi President Jalal Talabani, Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari,
Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, and jointly with Sen. John
McCain, Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili and Ukrainian President
Viktor Yuschenko. According to the Financial Times, Palin "was in
listening mode but not in talking mode."

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George W. Bush
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other persons of the same name, see George Bush.
George Walker Bush


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

43rd President of the United States
Incumbent
Assumed office
January 20, 2001
Vice President Dick Cheney
Preceded by Bill Clinton

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

46th Governor of Texas
In office
January 17, 1995 – December 21, 2000
Lieutenant Bob Bullock (1995 – 1999)
Rick Perry (1999 – 2000)
Preceded by Ann Richards
Succeeded by Rick Perry

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Born July 6, 1946 (1946-07-06) (age 62)
New Haven, Connecticut
Nationality American
Political party Republican
Spouse Laura Bush
Children Barbara Pierce Bush and Jenna Welch Hager
Residence White House (official)
Crawford, Texas (private)
Alma mater Yale University
Harvard Business School
Occupation Businessman (oil, baseball)
Religion United Methodist[1][2]
Signature
Website The White House
Military service
Service/branch Texas Air National Guard
Alabama Air National Guard
Years of service 1968 – 1973
Rank First Lieutenant
George Walker Bush (/'d???d? 'w?k? 'b??/ (help·info); born July 6,
1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States.
He served as the forty-sixth Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000
before being sworn in as President on January 20, 2001. His current
term will end at noon (ET) on January 20, 2009.[3]

Bush is the eldest son of former U.S. President George H. W. Bush and
Barbara Bush. After graduating from Yale University, Bush worked in
his family's oil businesses. Shortly after marrying his wife, Laura,
he unsuccessfully ran for the United States House of Representatives
in 1978. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before
defeating Ann Richards to become Governor of Texas in 1994. In a close
and controversial election, Bush was elected to the Presidency in 2000
as the Republican candidate, receiving a majority of the electoral
votes but narrowly losing the popular vote.

As President, Bush's main policies have largely focused on foreign
policy and the economy. He has enacted large tax cuts, the No Child
Left Behind Act,[4] and his tenure has seen a national debate on
immigration. [5] After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks Bush
initiated the global War on Terrorism; this included an invasion of
Afghanistan that same year. The Bush Administration introduced the
Bush Doctrine and in March 2003, the invasion of Iraq was begun.

Bush ran for re-election against the Democratic Party's nominee,
Senator John Kerry, in 2004. Though Kerry debated Bush's handling of
the Iraq War and domestic issues,[6] Bush was re-elected on November
2, garnering 50.7% of the popular vote to his opponent's 48.3%.[7]

After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism.[8]
[9][10] During his two terms he has had nearly the highest and the
lowest domestic Gallup poll approval ratings of American Presidents,
ranging from around 90% immediately after the September 11, 2001
attacks, to 28% in June 2008.[11][12]

Contents [hide]
1 Childhood to mid-life
1.1 Texas Air National Guard
2 Marriage and family
3 Early career
4 Governor of Texas
5 Presidential campaigns
5.1 2000 Presidential candidacy
5.1.1 Primary
5.1.2 General election
5.2 2004 Presidential candidacy
6 Presidency
6.1 Domestic policy
6.1.1 Economic policy
6.1.2 Education and health
6.1.3 Social services and Social Security
6.1.4 Environmental and energy policies
6.1.5 Stem cell research and first use of veto power
6.1.6 Immigration
6.1.7 Civil liberties and terrorist detainees
6.1.8 Hurricane Katrina
6.1.9 Midterm dismissal of U.S. attorneys
6.1.10 Public views and perception
6.2 Foreign policy
6.2.1 September 11, 2001
6.2.2 War on Terrorism
6.2.3 Afghanistan
6.2.4 Iraq
6.2.5 North Korea
6.2.6 Syria
6.2.7 Foreign perceptions
6.2.8 Grenade attack
6.2.9 Other matters
6.3 Supreme Court appointments
7 See also
8 References
9 External links



Childhood to mid-life
Main articles: Early life of George W. Bush and Professional life of
George W. Bush
There is no question that George W. Bush is one of the most
controversial public figures in recent memory. Born in New Haven,
Connecticut on July 6, 1946, Bush was the first child of George H. W.
Bush and Barbara Bush (born Pierce). He was raised in Midland and
Houston, Texas, with his four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin, and
Dorothy. Another younger sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age
of three in 1953.[13] Bush's grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a Senator
from Connecticut, and his father served as U.S. President from 1989 to
1993.

During his 2000 presidential campaign, Vanity Fair magazine and The
New York Times reported that Bush, as a child, was not accepted for
admission by St. John's School in Houston, Texas, a prestigious
private school.[14] In the two years following, Bush attended The
Kinkaid School, the private school from which St. John's had broken
away.[14] Ironically, Bush, then the Governor of Texas, served as the
commencement speaker at St. John's Academy in 1995.[15]

Bush attended the all-boys school Phillips Academy in Andover,
Massachusetts, where he played baseball and during his senior year was
the head cheerleader.[16][17] Following in his father's footsteps,
Bush attended Yale University, where he received a Bachelor's degree
in history in 1968.[18] As a college senior, Bush became a member of
the secretive Skull and Bones society. By his own characterization, he
was an average student.[19]


Texas Air National Guard

Lt. George W. Bush while in the Texas Air National GuardIn May 1968,
Bush was accepted into the Texas Air National Guard, after scoring the
lowest acceptable passing grade on the pilot's written aptitude test.
[20][21][22] After training, he was assigned to duty in Houston,
flying Convair F-102s out of Ellington Air Force Base.[23] Critics
allege Bush was favorably treated because of his father's political
standing, citing his lack of combat service and his irregular
attendance.[24] The United States Department of Defense released all
the records of Bush's Texas Air National Guard service, which remain
in its official archives.[21] Although not accepted to the University
of Texas School of Law in 1970,[25] he accepted a transfer to the
Alabama Air National Guard in 1972 to work on a Republican senate
campaign, and in October 1973 he was discharged from the Texas Air
National Guard. Bush then attended Harvard University, where he earned
his MBA,[26] and completed his six-year service obligation in the
inactive reserve.[27]

During this time Bush had multiple accounts of alcohol abuse.[28] In
one instance, Bush was arrested near his family's summer home in
Kennebunkport, Maine for driving under the influence of alcohol at the
age of thirty on September 4, 1976. He pleaded guilty, was fined US
$150, and had his Maine driver's license suspended until 1978.[29]
Soon after, Bush entered the oil industry in Texas.


Marriage and family
Further information: Bush family

George and Laura Bush with their daughters Jenna and Barbara, 1990In
1977, he was introduced by friends at a backyard barbecue to Laura
Welch, a schoolteacher and librarian. Bush proposed to her after a
three-month courtship and they were married on November 5 of that year.
[30] The couple settled in Midland, Texas. Bush left his family's
Episcopal Church to join his wife's United Methodist Church.[1] In
1981, Laura Bush gave birth to twin daughters, Jenna and Barbara;[30]
they graduated from high school in 2000 and from the University of
Texas at Austin and Yale University, respectively, in 2004.

Bush gave up alcohol in 1986 and credits his decision to stop drinking
to his wife.[31] She is also credited with establishing a stabilizing
effect on his private life.[30] While Governor of Texas, Bush said of
his wife, "I saw an elegant beautiful woman who turned out not only to
be elegant and beautiful, but very smart and willing to put up with my
rough edges, and I must confess has smoothed them off over time."[30]


Early career
In 1978, Bush ran for the House of Representatives from Texas's 19th
congressional district. His opponent, Kent Hance, portrayed him as
being out of touch with rural Texans; Bush lost the election by 6,000
votes.[32] He returned to the oil industry, and began a series of
small, independent oil exploration companies.[33] He created Arbusto
Energy,[34] and later changed the name to Bush Exploration. In 1984,
his company merged with the larger Spectrum 7, and Bush became
chairman.[33] The company was hurt by a decline in oil prices, and as
a result, it folded into Harken Energy.[33][35] Bush served on the
board of directors for Harken.[33] Questions of possible insider
trading involving Harken have arisen, though the Securities and
Exchange Commission's (SEC) investigation of Bush concluded that he
did not have enough insider information before his stock sale to
warrant a case.[33][36]

Bush moved his family to Washington, D.C. in 1988 to work on his
father's campaign for the U.S. presidency.[37][38] He worked as a
campaign adviser and served as liaison to the media;[33] he assisted
his father by campaigning across the country.[33] Returning to Texas
after the successful campaign, he purchased a share in the Texas
Rangers baseball franchise in April 1989, where he served as managing
general partner for five years.[39] He actively led the team's
projects and regularly attended its games, often choosing to sit in
the open stands with fans.[40] The sale of Bush's shares in the
Rangers in 1998 brought him over US$15 million from his initial US
$800,000 investment.[41]


Governor of Texas
Main article: George W. Bush as Governor of Texas

Governor Bush with wife, Laura, and father, former President George H.
W. Bush at the dedication of the George Bush Presidential Library,
November 1997As Bush's brother, Jeb, sought the governorship of
Florida, Bush declared his candidacy for the 1994 Texas gubernatorial
election. Winning the Republican primary easily, Bush faced popular
Democrat incumbent Governor Ann Richards. His campaign focused on four
themes: welfare reform, tort reform, crime reduction, and education
improvement.[33] Bush's campaign advisers were Karen Hughes, Joe
Allbaugh, and Karl Rove.

Richards vetoed a bill allowing Texans to obtain permits to carry
concealed weapons. Bush pledged to sign it (he did so after he became
governor).[42] Following his debates with Richards, his popularity
grew; he won the general election with 52 percent against Richards' 47
percent.[43]

Bush used a budget surplus to push through Texas's largest tax-cut of
two billion dollars.[43] He extended government funding for
organizations providing education, alcohol and drug use and abuse
prevention, and reduction of domestic violence, so long as those
organizations are religious. He proclaimed June 10, 2000 to be Jesus
Day in Texas, a day on which he "urge[d] all Texans to answer the call
to serve those in need."[44]

In 1998, Bush won re-election with a record[33] 69 percent of the vote.
[45] He became the first governor in Texas history to be elected to
two consecutive four-year terms.[33] In his second term, Bush promoted
faith-based organizations and enjoyed high approval ratings.[33]
Critics contended that during his tenure, Texas ranked near the bottom
in environmental evaluations, but supporters pointed to his efforts to
raise the salaries of teachers and improved educational test scores.
[33]

Throughout Bush's first term, national attention focused on him as a
potential future presidential candidate. Following his re-election,
speculation soared.[33] Within a year, he had decided to seek the
Republican nomination for the presidency.


Presidential campaigns

2000 Presidential candidacy
Main article: United States presidential election, 2000

Primary
In June 1999, while Governor of Texas, Bush announced his candidacy
for President of the United States. With no incumbent running, Bush
entered a large field of candidates for the Republican Party
presidential nomination including Elizabeth Dole, John McCain, Steve
Forbes, Dan Quayle, Pat Buchanan, Lamar Alexander, and others.

Bush portrayed himself as a compassionate conservative. He campaigned
on a platform that included increasing the size of the United States
Armed Forces, cut taxes, improve education, and aid minorities.[33] By
early 2000, the race had centered on Bush and McCain.[33]

Bush won the Iowa caucuses, and although he was heavily favored to win
the New Hampshire primary, he trailed John McCain by 19% and lost that
primary.[46] However, the Bush campaign regained momentum and,
according to political observers, effectively became the front runner
after the South Carolina primary.[47] The South Carolina campaign was
controversial for the use of telephone poll questions phrased
negatively toward McCain.[46]


General election
On July 25, 2000, Bush surprised some observers by asking the
Halliburton corporation's chief executive officer Dick Cheney, a
former White House Chief of Staff, U.S. Representative, and Secretary
of Defense, to be his running mate. Cheney was then serving as head of
Bush's Vice-Presidential search committee. Soon after, he was
officially nominated by the Republican Party at the 2000 Republican
National Convention.

Bush continued to campaign across the country, and touted his record
as Governor of Texas.[33] Bush's campaign criticized his Democratic
opponent, incumbent Vice President Al Gore, over gun control and
taxation.[48]

As the election returns came in on November 7, Bush won twenty-nine
states including Florida. The closeness of the Florida outcome led to
a recount.[33] Two initial counts went to Bush, but the outcome was
tied up in courts for a month until reaching the U.S. Supreme Court.
On December 9, in the Bush v. Gore case, the Court reversed a Florida
Supreme Court ruling ordering a third count, and stopped an ordered
statewide hand recount based on the argument that the use of different
standards among Florida's counties violated the Equal Protection
Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.[33] The machine recount stated
that Bush had won the Florida vote by a margin of 537 votes out of six
million cast.[49] Bush received 271 electoral votes to Gore's 266.[50]
However, he lost the popular vote by more than half a million votes,
[49] making him one of three Presidents elected without receiving a
plurality of the popular vote.




2004 Presidential candidacy
Main article: United States presidential election, 2004

George W. Bush speaks at a campaign rally in 2004.Bush commanded broad
support in the Republican Party and did not encounter a primary
challenge. He appointed Kenneth Mehlman as campaign manager, with a
political strategy devised by Karl Rove.[51] Bush and the Republican
platform included a strong commitment to the wars in Iraq and
Afghanistan,[52] support for the USA PATRIOT Act,[53] constitutional
amendments banning abortion and same-sex marriage,[52] reforming
Social Security to create private investment accounts,[52] creation of
an ownership society,[52] mandatory carbon emissions controls,[54] and
the implementation of a temporary guest-worker program on
immigration[52] (though this was criticized by conservatives).[55]

The Bush campaign advertised across the U.S. against Democratic
candidates, including Bush's emerging opponent, Massachusetts Senator
John Kerry. Kerry and other Democrats attacked Bush on the war in
Iraq, perceived excesses of the USA PATRIOT Act and for allegedly
failing to stimulate the economy and job growth. The Bush campaign
portrayed Kerry as a staunch liberal who would raise taxes and
increase the size of government. The Bush campaign continuously
criticized Kerry's seemingly contradictory statements on the war in
Iraq,[33] and claimed Kerry lacked the decisiveness and vision
necessary for success in the war on terrorism.

Bush carried thirty-one of fifty states for a total of 286 Electoral
College votes. He won an absolute majority of the popular vote (50.7%
to his opponent's 48.3%).[56] The last president to win an absolute
majority of the popular vote had been Bush's father in the 1988
election. In addition, it was the first time since Herbert Hoover's
election in 1928 that a Republican president was elected alongside re-
elected Republican congressional majorities in both houses. Bush's
2.5% margin of victory was the narrowest for a victorious incumbent
President up for re-election since Woodrow Wilson's 3.1% margin of
victory against Charles Evans Hughes in 1916.


Presidency
Main articles: Presidency of George W. Bush, George W. Bush's first
term as President of the United States, George W. Bush's second term
as President of the United States, and George W. Bush Cabinet
The Bush Cabinet
Office Name Term

President George W. Bush 2001–present
Vice President Dick Cheney 2001–present

Secretary of State Colin Powell 2001–2005
Condoleezza Rice 2005–present

Secretary of Treasury Paul O'Neill 2001–2002
John Snow 2003–2006
Henry Paulson 2006–present

Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld 2001–2006
Robert Gates 2006–present

Attorney General John Ashcroft 2001–2005
Alberto Gonzales 2005–2007
Michael Mukasey 2007–present

Secretary of the Interior Gale Norton 2001–2006
Dirk Kempthorne 2006–present

Secretary of Agriculture Ann Veneman 2001–2005
Mike Johanns 2005–2007
Ed Schafer 2008–present

Secretary of Commerce Donald Evans 2001–2005
Carlos Gutierrez 2005–present

Secretary of Labor Elaine Chao 2001–present

Secretary of Health and
Human Services Tommy Thompson 2001–2005
Michael Leavitt 2005–present

Secretary of Education Rod Paige 2001–2005
Margaret Spellings 2005–present

Secretary of Housing and
Urban Development Mel Martinez 2001–2003
Alphonso Jackson 2003–2008
Steve Preston 2008–present

Secretary of Transportation Norman Mineta 2001–2006
Mary Peters 2006–present

Secretary of Energy Spencer Abraham 2001–2005
Samuel Bodman 2005–present

Secretary of Veterans Affairs Anthony Principi 2001–2005
Jim Nicholson 2005–2007
James Peake 2007–present

Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge 2003–2005
Michael Chertoff 2005–present

Chief of Staff Andrew Card 2001–2006
Joshua Bolten 2006–present

Administrator of the
Environmental Protection Agency Christine Todd Whitman 2001–2003
Michael Leavitt 2003–2005
Stephen Johnson 2005–present

Director of the Office of
Management and Budget Mitch Daniels 2001–2003
Joshua Bolten 2003–2006
Rob Portman 2006–2007
Jim Nussle 2007–present

Director of the Office of
National Drug Control Policy John Walters 2001–present

United States Trade Representative Robert Zoellick 2001–2005
Rob Portman 2005–2006
Susan Schwab 2006–present

Domestic policy
Main article: Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration

Economic policy
Main article: Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration
Facing opposition in the Congress, Bush held town hall-style public
meetings across the U.S. in 2001 to increase public support for his
plan for a US$1.35 trillion tax cut program—one of the largest tax
cuts in U.S. history.[33] Bush argued that unspent government funds
should be returned to taxpayers, saying "the surplus is not the
government’s money. The surplus is the people’s money."[33] With
reports of the threat of recession from Federal Reserve Chairman Alan
Greenspan, Bush argued that such a tax cut would stimulate the economy
and create jobs.[57] Others, including the Treasury Secretary at the
time Paul O'Neill, were opposed to some of the tax cuts on the basis
that they would contribute to budget deficits and undermine Social
Security.[58] By 2003, the economy showed signs of improvement.[33]

Under the Bush Administration, real GDP has grown at an average annual
rate of 2.5 percent,[59] considerably below the average for business
cycles from 1949 to 2000.[60][61] The Dow Jones Industrial Average has
grown by about 30 percent since January 2001[62] and stock market
indexes have risen.[33] Unemployment originally rose from 4.2 percent
in January 2001 to 6.3 percent in June 2003, but subsequently dropped
to 4.5 percent as of July 2007.[63] Inflation-adjusted median
household income has been flat while the nation's poverty rate has
increased.[64] By August 2007, due to increases in domestic and
foreign spending,[65] the national debt had risen to US$8.98 trillion
dollars, an increase of over 70% from the start of the year 2000 when
the debt was US$5.6 trillion.[66][67] The perception of President
Bush's effect on the economy is significantly affected by partisanship
with 67% of Republicans and 1% of Democrats approving of his
performance.[68]

The United States entered 2008 during shaky economic times, consisting
of a housing market correction, a subprime mortgage crisis and a
declining dollar value.[69] In February, 63,000 jobs were lost, a 5-
year record.[70] Many observers believed that a U.S. recession had
begun.[71] To aid with the situation, Bush signed a US$170 billion
economic stimulus package which aimed to improve the economic
situation by sending tax rebate checks to many Americans and providing
tax breaks for struggling businesses.[33] In September the economic
crisis worsened, and President Bush proposed a financial rescue plan
to buy back a large portion of the U.S. mortgage market.


Education and health
Since entering office, President Bush has undertaken a number of
educational priorities. He increased funding for the National Science
Foundation and National Institutes of Health in his first years of
office, and created education programs to strengthen the grounding in
science and mathematics for American high school students. Funding for
the NIH was cut in 2006, the first such cut in 36 years, due to rising
inflation.[72]


Bush signs the No Child Left Behind Act into law, January 2002One of
the administration's early major initiatives was the "No Child Left
Behind Act", which aimed to measure and close the gap between rich and
poor student performance, provide options to parents with students in
low-performing schools, and target more federal funding to low-income
schools. This landmark education initiative was signed into law by
President Bush in early 2002.[73] Many contend that the initiative has
been successful, as cited by the fact that students in the U.S. have
performed significantly better on state reading and math tests since
Bush signed "No Child Left Behind" into law.[74] Critics argue that it
is underfunded[75] and that NCLBA's focus on "high stakes testing" and
quantitative outcomes is counterproductive.[76]

After being re-elected, Bush signed into law a Medicare drug benefit
program that, according to Jan Crawford Greenburg, resulted in "the
greatest expansion in America's welfare state in forty years;" the
bill's costs approached $7 trillion.[77] In 2007, Bush opposed and
vetoed State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) legislation,
which was added by the Democrats onto a war funding bill and passed by
Congress. The SCHIP legislation would have significantly expanded
federally-funded health care benefits and plans to children of some
low-income families from about 6 million to 10 million children. It
was to be funded by an increase in the cigarette tax.[78][dead link]
Bush viewed the legislation as a move toward the liberal platform of
socialized health care, and claimed that the program could benefit
families making as much as US$83,000 per year who would not have
otherwise needed the help.[79]


Social services and Social Security
Following Republican efforts to pass the Medicare Act of 2003, Bush
signed the bill, which included major changes to the Medicare program
by providing beneficiaries with some assistance in paying for
prescription drugs, while relying on private insurance for the
delivery of benefits.[80] The retired persons lobby group AARP worked
with the Bush Administration on the program and gave their
endorsement. Bush said the law, estimated to cost US$400 billion over
the first 10 years, would give the elderly "better choices and more
control over their health care".[81]


President Bush speaks at the United States Coast Guard Academy
commencement, May 2007Bush began his second term by outlining a major
initiative to reform Social Security,[82] which was facing record
deficit projections beginning in 2005. Bush made it the centerpiece of
his domestic agenda despite opposition from some in the U.S. Congress.
[82] In his 2005 State of the Union Address, Bush discussed the
potential impending bankruptcy of the program and outlined his new
program, which included partial privitization of the system,[82]
personal Social Security accounts,[82] and options to permit Americans
to divert a portion of their Social Security tax (FICA) into secured
investments. Despite emphasizing safeguards and remaining open to
other plans, Democrats opposed the proposal to partially privatize the
system.[82]

Bush embarked on a 60-day national tour, campaigning vigorously for
his initiative in media events, known as the "Conversations on Social
Security", in an attempt to gain support from the general public.[83]
Despite the energetic campaign, public support for the proposal
declined[84] and the House Republican leadership decided not to put
Social Security reform on the priority list for the remainder of their
2005 legislative agenda.[85] The proposal's legislative prospects were
further diminished by the political fallout from the Hurricane Katrina
in the fall of 2005.[86] After the Democrats gained control of both
houses of the Congress as a result of the 2006 mid-term elections, the
prospects of any further congressional action on the Bush proposal
appeared to be dead for the remainder of his term in office.


Environmental and energy policies
Main article: Domestic policy of the George W. Bush
administration#Environment
Upon arriving in office in 2001, Bush stated his opposition to the
Kyoto Protocol, an amendment to the United Nations Convention on
Climate Change which seeks to impose mandatory targets for reducing
greenhouse gas emissions, citing that the treaty exempted 80 percent
of the world's population[87] and would have cost tens of billions of
dollars per year.[88] He also cited that the Senate had voted 95–0 in
1997 on a resolution expressing its disapproval of the protocol.

In 2002, Bush announced the Clear Skies Initiative,[89] aimed at
amending the Clean Air Act to reduce air pollution through the use of
emissions trading programs. It was argued, however, that this
legislation would have weakened the original legislation by allowing
higher levels of pollutants than were permitted at that time.[90] The
initiative was introduced to Congress, but failed to make it out of
committee.


President George W. Bush with Vice President Dick Cheney addressing
the media at the State Department, August 14, 2006President Bush
believes that global warming is real[91] and has noted that global
warming is a serious problem, but he asserted there is a "debate over
whether it's manmade or naturally caused".[92] The Bush
Administration's stance on global warming has remained controversial
in the scientific and environmental communities. Many accusations have
been made against the administration[93] for allegedly misinforming
the public and not having done enough to reduce carbon emissions and
deter global warming.[94] During his 2008 State of the Union Address,
however, Bush announced that the U.S. would commit US$2 billion over
the next three years towards a new international fund to promote clean
energy technologies and fight climate change, saying, "along with
contributions from other countries, this fund will increase and
accelerate the deployment of all forms of cleaner, more efficient
technologies in developing nations like India and China, and help
leverage substantial private-sector capital by making clean energy
projects more financially attractive." He has also announced plans to
reaffirm the United States' commitment to work with major economies,
and, through the United Nations, to complete an international
agreement that will slow, stop, and eventually reverse the growth of
greenhouse gases; he stated, "this agreement will be effective only if
it includes commitments by every major economy and gives none a free
ride."[95]

Previously, in his 2007 State of the Union Address, Bush renewed his
pledge to work toward diminished reliance on foreign oil by reducing
fossil fuel consumption and increasing alternative fuel production.
[96] Admist high gas prices in 2008, Bush lifted a ban on offshore
drilling.[97] The move was largely symbolic, however, as there is
still a federal law banning offshore drilling. Bush said, "This means
that the only thing standing between the American people and these
vast oil reserves is action from the U.S. Congress."[97] Bush had said
in June 2008, "In the long run, the solution is to reduce demand for
oil by promoting alternative energy technologies. My administration
has worked with Congress to invest in gas-saving technologies like
advanced batteries and hydrogen fuel cells... In the short run, the
American economy will continue to rely largely on oil. And that means
we need to increase supply, especially here at home. So my
administration has repeatedly called on Congress to expand domestic
oil production."[98]

In 2006 Bush declared the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands a national
monument, creating the largest marine reserve to date. The
Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument comprises 84 million acres
(340,000 km²) and is home to 7,000 species of fish, birds and other
marine animals, many of which are specific to only those islands.[99]
The move was hailed by conservationists for "its foresight and
leadership in protecting this incredible area."[100]


Stem cell research and first use of veto power
Federal funding for medical research involving the creation or
destruction of human embryos through the Department of Health and
Human Services and the National Institutes of Health has been
forbidden by law since the Republican Revolution of 1995.[101] Bush
has said that he supports stem cell research, but only to the extent
that human embryos are not destroyed in order to harvest additional
cells.[102] On August 9, 2001, Bush signed an executive order lifting
the ban on federal funding for the 71 existing "lines" of stem cells,
[103] but the ability of these existing lines to provide an adequate
medium for testing has been questioned. Testing can only be done on
twelve of the original lines, and all of the approved lines have been
cultured in contact with mouse cells, which makes it unlikely the FDA
would approve them for administration to humans.[104] On July 19,
2006, Bush used his veto power for the first time in his presidency to
veto the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act. The bill would have
repealed the Dickey Amendment, thereby permitting federal money to be
used for research where stem cells are derived from the destruction of
an embryo.[105]


Immigration

President Bush discusses border security near the El Paso, Texas,
United States-Mexico border, November 2005In 2006, going beyond calls
from conservatives to secure the border, Bush demanded that Congress
allow more than twelve million illegal immigrants to work in the
United States with the creation of a "temporary guest-worker program."
Bush does not support amnesty for illegal immigrants,[106] but argues
that the lack of legal status denies the protections of U.S. laws to
millions of people who face dangers of poverty and exploitation, and
penalizes employers despite a demand for immigrant labor.

The President urged Congress to provide additional funds for border
security, and committed to deploying 6,000 National Guard troops to
the Mexico–United States border.[107] In May-June 2007 Bush strongly
supported the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007 which was
written by a bipartisan group of Senators with the active
participation of the Bush administration.[108] The bill envisioned a
legalization program for undocumented immigrants, with an eventual
path to citizenship; establishing a guest worker program; a series of
border and work site enforcement measures; a reform of the green card
application process and the introduction of a point-based "merit"
system for green cards; elimination of "chain migration" and of the
Diversity Immigrant Visa; and other measures. Bush contended that the
proposed bill did not amount to amnesty.[109]

A heated public debate followed, which resulted in a substantial rift
within the Republican Party, the majority of conservatives opposed it
because of its legalization or amnesty provisions.[110] The bill was
eventually defeated in the Senate on June 28, 2007, when a cloture
motion failed on a 46-53 vote.[111] President Bush expressed
disappointment upon the defeat of one of his signature domestic
initiatives.[112] The Bush administration later proposed a series of
immigration enforcement measures that do not require a change in law.
[113]

Civil liberties and terrorist detainees
Following the events of September 11, Bush issued an executive order
authorizing the NSA to monitor communications between suspected
terrorists outside the U.S. and parties within the U.S. without
obtaining a warrant pursuant to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance
Act,[114] maintaining that the warrant requirements of FISA were
implicitly superseded by the subsequent passage of the Authorization
for Use of Military Force.[115] The program proved to be
controversial, as critics of the administration, as well as
organizations such as the American Bar Association, claimed it was
illegal.[116] In August 2006, a U.S. district court judge ruled that
the Terrorist Surveillance Program was unconstitutional,[117] but the
decision was later reversed.[118] On January 17, 2007, Attorney
General Alberto Gonzales informed U.S. Senate leaders that the program
would not be reauthorized by the President, but would be subjected to
judicial oversight.[119]
On October 17, 2006 Bush signed into law the Military Commissions Act
of 2006,[120] a bill passed in the wake of the Supreme Court's
decision on Hamdan v. Rumsfeld,[121] which allows the U.S. government
the ability to prosecute unlawful enemy combatants by military
commission rather than the standard trial. The bill also denies them
access to habeas corpus and, while barring torture of detainees,
allows the president to determine what constitutes torture.[120]
On March 8, 2008, Bush vetoed H.R. 2082, a bill that would have
expanded Congressional oversight over the intelligence community and
banned the use of waterboarding as well as other forms of enhanced
interrogation techniques, saying that "[t]he bill Congress sent me
would take away one of the most valuable tools in the war on
terror."[122]
President Bush has consistently stated that the United States does not
torture. Bush can authorize the CIA to use the simulated-drowning
method under extraordinary circumstances.[123] The CIA once considered
certain enhanced interrogation techniques, such as waterboarding,
legally permissible.[124] The CIA has exercised the technique on
certain key terrorist suspects and were given permission to do so from
a memo from the Attorney General. While the Army Field Manual argues
"that harsh interrogation tactics elicit unreliable information",[124]
the Bush administration states that these enhanced interrogations have
"provided critical information" to preserve American lives.[125][126]

Hurricane Katrina
Main article: Political effects of Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina, which was one of the worst natural disasters in
U.S. history, struck early in Bush’s second term. Katrina formed in
late August during the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season and devastated
much of the north-central Gulf Coast of the United States,
particularly New Orleans.[127]

Bush shakes hands with New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin on September 2,
2005 after viewing the devastation of Hurricane Katrina.Bush declared
a state of emergency in Louisiana on August 27,[128] and in
Mississippi and Alabama the following day;[129] he authorized the
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA) to manage the disaster, but his announcement failed to
spur these agencies to action.[130] The eye of the hurricane made
landfall on August 29, and New Orleans began to flood due to levee
breaches; later that day, Bush declared that a major disaster existed
in Louisiana,[131] officially authorizing FEMA to start using federal
funds to assist in the recovery effort. On August 30, DHS Secretary
Michael Chertoff declared it "an incident of national
significance,"[132] triggering the first use of the newly created
National Response Plan. Three days later, on September 2, National
Guard troops first entered the city of New Orleans.[133] The same day,
Bush toured parts of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama and declared
that the success of the recovery effort up to that point was "not
enough."[134]
As the disaster in New Orleans intensified, critics claimed that the
president was misrepresenting his administration's role in what they
saw as a flawed response. Leaders attacked the president for having
appointed perceived incompetent leaders to positions of power at FEMA,
notably Michael D. Brown;[135] it was also argued that the federal
response was limited as a result of the Iraq War[136] and President
Bush himself did not act upon warnings of floods.[137][138][139] Bush
responded to mounting criticism by accepting full responsibility for
the federal government's failures in its handling of the emergency.
[133]

Midterm dismissal of U.S. attorneys
Main article: Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy
During Bush's second term, a controversy arose over the Justice
Department's midterm dismissal of seven United States Attorneys.[140]
The White House maintains the U.S. attorneys were fired for poor
performance.[141] Attorney General Alberto Gonzales would later resign
over the issue, along with other senior members of the Justice
Department.[142][143] The House Judiciary Committee issued subpoenas
for advisers Harriet Miers and Josh Bolten to testify regarding this
matter, but Bush directed Miers and Bolten to not comply with those
subpoenas, invoking his right of executive privilege. Bush has
maintained that all of his advisers are protected under a broad
executive privilege protection to receive candid advice. The Justice
Department has determined that the President's order was legal.[144]
In November 2007, the chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee,
Senator Patrick Leahy (VT-D), stated that the executive privilege
claim was strange considering "the President had no involvement in
these firings."
Although Congressional investigations have focused on whether the
Justice Department and the White House were using the U.S. Attorney
positions for political advantage, no official findings have been
released. On March 10, 2008, the Congress filed a federal lawsuit to
enforce their issued subpoenas.[145] On July 31, 2008, a United States
district court judge ruled that President Bush's top advisers are not
immune from Congressional subpoenas.[146]

Public views and perception
Main articles: Criticism of George W. Bush and Public perception of
George W. Bush
See also: Movement to impeach George W. Bush and Fictionalized
portrayals of George W. Bush

approve

disapprove

unsure
Gallup/USA Today Bush public opinion polling from February 2001 to
May 2008. Blue denotes approve, red disapprove, and green unsure.
Large increases in approval followed the September 11 attacks, the
beginning of the 2003 Iraq conflict, and the capture of Saddam
Hussein.Bush began his presidency with approval ratings near 50%.[147]
Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, Bush gained an approval
rating of greater than 85%, maintaining 80–90% approval for four
months after the attacks. Since then, his approval ratings and
approval of his handling of domestic and foreign policy issues have
steadily dropped. Bush has received heavy criticism for his handling
of the Iraq War, his response to Hurricane Katrina, and to the Abu
Ghraib prisoner abuse, NSA warrantless surveillance of terrorists or
individuals suspected of involvement with terrorist groups, Scooter
Libby/Plamegate, and Guantanamo Bay detainment camp controversies.
[148]
A March 13, 2008 poll by the Pew Research Center for the People and
the Press reported that 53% of Americans—a slim majority—believe that
"the U.S. will ultimately succeed in achieving its goals" in Iraq.
[149] That figure is up from 42 percent in September 2007 and the
highest it has been since 2006.[149]
In May of 2004, Gallup reported that 89% of the Republican electorate
approved of Bush.[150] This support has since somewhat waned, however,
due mostly to a minority of Republicans' frustration with him on
issues of spending, illegal immigration, and Middle Eastern affairs.
[151] Within the United States Military, the president was strongly
supported in the 2004 presidential elections.[152] When compared with
Democratic challenger John Kerry, 73% of military personnel said that
they would vote for Bush, versus 18% for Kerry.[152] According to
Peter Feaver, a Duke University political scientist who has studied
the political leanings of the U.S. military, members of the armed
services supported Bush because they found him more likely to
prosecute the War in Iraq than Kerry.[152]

President Bush thanks American military personnel, September
2007Bush's approval rating has been below the 50% mark in AP-Ipsos
polling since December 2004.[153] Polls conducted in 2006 showed an
average of 37% approval ratings for Bush;[154] the lowest for any
second term president in this point of term since Harry S. Truman in
March 1951, when his approval rating was 28%,[153][155] which
contributed to what Bush called the "thumping" of the Republican Party
in the 2006 mid-term elections.[156] Throughout 2007, Bush's approval
rating hovered in the mid-thirties percentile,[157] although in a
Reuters poll of October 17, 2007, Bush received a lower approval
rating of 24%,[158] the lowest point of his presidency.[159] In
response to the numbers, during a February 10, 2008 interview on Fox
News Sunday Bush stated, "I frankly don't give a damn about the polls".
[160] By April 2008, Bush's disapproval ratings were the highest ever
recorded in the 70-year history of the Gallup poll for any president,
with 69% of those polled disapproving of the job Bush was doing as
president and 28% approving.[161] In September 2008, Bush's approval
rating ranges from 19%[162] to 34% in polls performed by different
agencies[163]
In 2006, 744 professional historians surveyed by Siena College
regarded Bush's presidency as follows: Great: 2%; Near Great: 5%;
Average: 11%; Below Average: 24%; Failure: 58%.[164] Thomas Kelly,
professor emeritus of American studies at Siena College, said that "In
this case, current public opinion polls actually seem to cut the
President more slack than the experts do."[164] Similar outcomes were
retrieved by two informal surveys done by the History News Network in
2004[165] and 2008.[166] The historian who organized the HNN polls
said of the results: "It is in no sense a scientific sample of
historians. The participants are self-selected, although participation
was open to all historians. Among those who responded are several of
the nation’s most respected historians, including Pulitzer and
Bancroft Prize winners."[166] In response to the "worst president"
accusations,[167][168] Bush said, "to assume that historians can
figure out the effect of the Bush administration before the Bush
administration has ended is... in my mind... not an accurate
reflection upon how history works."[160]
Calls for Bush's impeachment have been made, though most polls have
shown a plurality of Americans do not support impeachment.[169] The
reasoning behind impeachment usually centers on the NSA warrantless
surveillance controversy,[170] the Bush administration's justification
for the war in Iraq,[171] and alleged violations of the Geneva
Conventions.[172] Dennis Kucinich, a Democrat from Ohio, introduced 35
articles of impeachment on the floor of the House of Representatives
against President Bush on June 9, 2008, but Speaker Nancy Pelosi has
said that impeachment is "off the table".[173]
Bush's intellectual capacity has been satirized by the media,[174]
comedians, and other politicians.[175] Detractors tended to cite
linguistic errors made by Bush during his public speeches, which are
colloquially termed as Bushisms.[176]
In 2000 and again in 2004, Time magazine named George W. Bush as its
Person of the Year, a title awarded to someone who the editors believe
"for better or for worse, … has done the most to influence the events
of the year."[177]

Foreign policy
Main article: Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration

President George W. Bush, then-President of Mexico Vicente Fox and
Canada's Prime Minister Stephen Harper stand in front of "El Castillo"
in Chichen Itza, March 30, 2006During his campaign for election as
President, Bush's foreign policy platform included support for a
stronger economic and political relationship with Latin America,
especially Mexico, and a reduction of involvement in "nation-building"
and other small-scale military engagements. The administration pursued
a national missile defense.[178] Bush was president on September 11,
2001, when terrorists hijacked passenger aircraft and flew them into
the World Trade Center, killing roughly 3,000 people. In response,
Bush launched the War on Terror, in which the United States military
and an international coalition invaded Afghanistan and later Iraq.
Bush began his second term with an emphasis on improving strained
relations with European nations. He appointed long-time adviser Karen
Hughes to oversee a global public relations campaign. Bush lauded the
pro-democracy struggles in Georgia and Ukraine. In March 2006, he
visited India, leading to renewed ties between the two countries,
particularly in areas of nuclear energy and counter-terrorism
cooperation.[179] Midway through Bush's second term, it was questioned
whether Bush was retreating from his freedom and democracy agenda,
highlighted in policy changes toward some oil-rich former Soviet
republics in central Asia.[180]

September 11, 2001

President Bush addresses rescue workers at Ground Zero in New York,
September 14, 2001The September 11 terrorist attacks were a major
turning point in Bush's presidency. That evening, he addressed the
nation from the Oval Office, promising a strong response to the
attacks but emphasizing the need for the nation to come together and
comfort the families of the victims. On September 14, he visited
Ground Zero, meeting with Mayor Rudy Giuliani and firefighters, police
officers, and volunteers. Bush addressed the gathering via a megaphone
while standing on a heap of rubble:
“ I can hear you. The rest of the world hears you. And the people who
knocked these buildings down will hear all of us soon.[181] ”
In a September 20, 2001 speech, Bush condemned Osama bin Laden and Al-
Qaeda, and issued an ultimatum to the Taliban regime in Afghanistan,
where bin Laden was operating, to "hand over the terrorists, or… share
in their fate."[182]

War on Terrorism
Main article: War on Terrorism
After September 11, Bush announced a global War on Terrorism. The
Afghan Taliban regime was not forthcoming with Osama bin Laden, so
Bush ordered the invasion of Afghanistan to overthrow the Taliban
regime.[183] In his January 29, 2002 State of the Union address, he
asserted that an "axis of evil" consisting of North Korea, Iran, and
Iraq was "arming to threaten the peace of the world" and "pose[d] a
grave and growing danger".[184] The Bush Administration proceeded to
assert a right and intention to engage in preemptive war, also called
preventive war, in response to perceived threats.[185] This would form
a basis for what became known as the Bush Doctrine. The broader "War
on Terror", allegations of an "axis of evil", and, in particular, the
doctrine of preemptive war, began to weaken the unprecedented levels
of international and domestic support for Bush and United States
action against al Qaeda following the September 11 attacks.[186]
Some national leaders alleged abuse by U.S. troops and called for the
U.S. to shut down the Guantanamo Bay detention camp and other such
facilities. Dissent from, and criticism of, Bush's leadership in the
War on Terror increased as the war in Iraq expanded.[187][188][189] In
2006, a National Intelligence Estimate expressed the combined opinion
of the United States' own intelligence agencies, concluding that the
Iraq War had become the "cause celebre for jihadists" and that jihad
movement was growing.[190][191]

Afghanistan
Main article: War in Afghanistan (2001–present)

President George W. Bush and President Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan
appear together in 2006 at a joint news conference at the Presidential
Palace in Kabul.On October 7, 2001, U.S. and Australian forces
initiated bombing campaigns that led to the arrival on November 13 of
Northern Alliance troops in Kabul. The main goals of the war were to
defeat the Taliban, drive al Qaeda out of Afghanistan, and capture key
al Qaeda leaders. In December 2001, the Pentagon reported that the
Taliban had been defeated[192] but cautioned that the war would go on
to continue weakening Taliban and al-Qaeda leaders.[192] Later that
month the UN had installed the Afghan Interim Authority chaired by
Hamid Karzai.[193][194]
Efforts to kill or capture al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden failed as
he escaped a battle in December 2001 in the mountainous region of Tora
Bora, which the Bush Administration later acknowledged to have
resulted from a failure to commit enough U.S. ground troops.[195] Bin
Laden and al Qaeda's number two leader, Ayman al-Zawahiri, as well as
the leader of the Taliban, Mohammed Omar, remain at large.
Despite the initial success in driving the Taliban from power in
Kabul, by early 2003 the Taliban was regrouping, amassing new funds
and recruits.[196] In 2006 the Taliban insurgency appeared larger,
fiercer, and better organized than expected, with large-scale allied
offensives such as Operation Mountain Thrust attaining limited success.
[197][198][199] As a result, President Bush commissioned 3,500
additional troops to the country in March 2007.[200]

Iraq
Main article: Iraq War
Beginning with his January 29, 2002 State of the Union address, Bush
began publicly focusing attention on Iraq, which he labeled as part of
an "axis of evil" allied with terrorists and posing "a grave and
growing danger" to U.S. interests through possession of weapons of
mass destruction.[184] In the latter half of 2002, CIA reports
contained assertions of Saddam Hussein's intent of reconstituting
nuclear weapons programs, not properly accounting for Iraqi biological
and chemical weapons, and that some Iraqi missiles had a range greater
than allowed by the UN sanctions.[201][202] Claims that the Bush
Administration manipulated or exaggerated the threat and evidence of
Iraq's weapons of mass destruction capabilities would eventually
become a major point of criticism for the president.[203][204]
In late 2002 and early 2003, Bush urged the United Nations to enforce
Iraqi disarmament mandates, precipitating a diplomatic crisis. In
November 2002, Hans Blix and Mohamed ElBaradei led UN weapons
inspectors in Iraq, but were forced to depart the country four days
prior to the U.S. invasion, despite their requests for more time to
complete their tasks.[205] The U.S. initially sought a UN Security
Council resolution authorizing the use of military force but dropped
the bid for UN approval due to vigorous opposition from several
countries.[206]

President Bush, with Naval Flight Officer Lieutenant Ryan Philips, in
the flight suit he wore for his televised arrival and speech aboard
the USS Abraham Lincoln in 2003.The war effort was joined by more than
20 other nations (most notably the United Kingdom), designated the
"coalition of the willing".[207] The invasion of Iraq commenced on
March 20, 2003 and the Iraqi military was quickly defeated. The
capital, Baghdad, fell on April 9, 2003. On May 1, Bush declared the
end of major combat operations in Iraq. The initial success of U.S.
operations increased his popularity, but the U.S. and allied forces
faced a growing insurgency led by sectarian groups; Bush's "Mission
Accomplished" speech was later criticized as premature.[208] From 2004
through 2007, the situation in Iraq deteriorated further, with some
observers arguing that the country was engaged in a full scale civil
war.[209] Bush's policies met with criticism, including demands
domestically to set a timetable to withdraw troops from Iraq. The 2006
report of the bipartisan Iraq Study Group, led by James Baker,
concluded that the situation in Iraq was "grave and deteriorating".
While Bush admitted that there were strategic mistakes made in regards
to the stability of Iraq,[210] he maintained he would not change the
overall Iraq strategy.[211][212]

President Bush shakes hands with Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-
Maliki.In January 2005, free, democratic elections were held in Iraq
for the first time in fifty years.[213] According to Iraqi National
Security Advisor Mowaffak al-Rubaie, "This is the greatest day in the
history of this country."[213] Bush praised the event as well, saying
that the Iraqis "have taken rightful control of their country's
destiny."[213] This led to the election of Jalal Talabani as President
and Nouri al-Maliki as Prime Minister of Iraq. A referendum to approve
a constitution in Iraq were held in October 2005, supported by the
majority Shiites and many Kurds.[214]
On January 10, 2007 Bush addressed the nation from the Oval Office
regarding the situation in Iraq. In his speech he announced a surge of
21,500 more troops for Iraq, as well as a job program for Iraqis, more
reconstruction proposals, and US$1.2 billion for these programs.[215]
On May 1, 2007, Bush used his veto for only the second time in his
presidency, rejecting a congressional bill setting a deadline for the
withdrawal of U.S. troops.[216] Five years after the invasion, Bush
called the debate over the conflict "understandable" but insisted that
a continued U.S. presence there is crucial.[217]
In March 2008 Bush praised the Iraqi government's "bold decision" to
launch the Battle of Basra against the Mahdi Army, calling it "a
defining moment in the history of a free Iraq".[218] He said he will
carefully weigh recommendations from his commanders General David
Petraeus and Ambassador Ryan Crocker about how to proceed after the
military buildup ends in the summer of 2008. He also praised the
Iraqis' legislative achievements, including a pension law, a revised
de-Baathification law, a new budget, an amnesty law and a provincial
powers measure that, he said, sets the stage for the Iraqi governorate
elections, 2008.[219]
On July 31, 2008, Bush announced that with the end of July, American
troop deaths had reached their lowest number—thirteen—since the war
began in 2003.[220] Due to increased stability in Iraq, Bush announced
the withdrawal of additional American forces, which reflected an
emerging consensus between the White House and the Pentagon that the
war has "turned a corner".[220] He also described what he saw as the
success of the 2007 troop surge.[220]

North Korea
Main article: North Korea–United States relations
Bush publicly condemned Kim Jong-il of North Korea, naming North Korea
one of three states in an "axis of evil," and saying that "[t]he
United States of America will not permit the world's most dangerous
regimes to threaten us with the world's most destructive
weapons."[184] Within months, "both countries had walked away from
their respective commitments under the U.S.-DPRK Agreed Framework of
October 1994."[221] North Korea's October 9, 2006 detonation of a
nuclear device further complicated Bush's foreign policy, which
centered for both terms of his presidency on "[preventing] the
terrorists and regimes who seek chemical, biological or nuclear
weapons from threatening the United States and the world."[184] Bush
condemned North Korea's claims, reaffirmed his commitment to "a
nuclear-free Korean Peninsula," and stated that "transfer of nuclear
weapons or material by North Korea to states or non-state entities
would be considered a grave threat to the United States," for which
North Korea would be held accountable.[222] On May 7, 2007, North
Korea agreed to shut down its nuclear reactors immediately pending the
release of frozen funds held in a foreign bank account. This was a
result of a series of three-way talks initiated by the United States
and including China.[223] On September 2, 2007, North Korea agreed to
disclose and dismantle all of its nuclear programs by the end of 2007.
[224]

Syria
President Bush has been supportive of expanding economic sanctions on
Syria.[225] In early 2007, the U.S. Treasury Department, acting on a
June 2005 executive order, froze American bank accounts of Syria's
Higher Institute of Applied Science and Technology, Electronics
Institute, and National Standards and Calibration Laboratory. Bush's
order prohibits Americans from doing business with these institutions
suspected of helping spread weapons of mass destruction[226] and being
supportive of terrorism.[227] Under separate executive orders signed
by Bush in 2004 and later 2007, the Treasury Department froze the
assets of two Lebanese and two Syrians, accusing them of activities to
"undermine the legitimate political process in Lebanon" in November
2007. Those designated included: Assaad Halim Hardan, a member of
Lebanon's parliament and chief of the Syrian Socialist National Party
central political bureau; Wi'am Wahhab, a former member of Lebanon's
parliament; Hafiz Makhluf, a colonel and senior official in the Syrian
General Intelligence Directorate and a cousin of Syrian President
Bashar al-Assad; and Muhammad Nasif Khayrbik, identified as a close
adviser to Assad.[228]

Foreign perceptions

President Bush with President Pervez Musharraf of the Islamic Republic
of Pakistan in late 2006.President Bush has been criticized
internationally and targeted by the global anti-war and anti-
globalization campaigns, particularly for his administration's foreign
policy.[229][230] Views of him within the international community are
more negative than previous American presidents, with France[231]
largely opposed to what he advocates and public opinion in Britain, an
American ally since World War II, largely against him.
Bush was described as having especially close personal relationships
with Tony Blair and Vicente Fox, although formal relations were
sometimes strained.[232][233][234] Other leaders, such as Afghan
president Hamid Karzai,[235] Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni,[236]
Spanish president José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero,[237] and Venezuelan
president Hugo Chávez,[238] have openly criticized the president.
Later in Bush's presidency, tensions arose between himself and
Vladimir Putin, which has led to a cooling of their relationship.[239]
During the Bush presidency, attitudes towards the United States and
the American people have become less favorable around the world.[240]
In 2006, a majority of respondents in 18 of 21 countries surveyed
around the world were found to hold an unfavorable opinion of Bush.
Respondents indicated that they judged his administration as negative
for world security.[241][242]

President Bush presents the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Pope John
Paul II during a visit to the Vatican, June 2004A March 2007 survey of
Arab opinion conducted by Zogby International and the University of
Maryland found that Bush is the most disliked leader in the Arab
world. More than three times as many respondents registered their
dislike for Bush as for the second most unpopular leader, Ariel Sharon.
[243]
The Pew Research Center's 2007 Global Attitudes poll found that out of
47 countries, a majority of respondents expressed "a lot of
confidence" or "some confidence" in Bush in only nine countries:
Israel, India, Ethiopia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, and
Uganda.[244]
During a June 2007 visit to Albania Bush was greeted enthusiastically.
The mostly Islamic Eastern European nation with a population of 3.6
million has troops in both Iraq and Afghanistan and the country's
government is highly supportive of American foreign policy.[245] A
huge image of the President now hangs in the middle of the capital
city of Tirana flanked by Albanian and American flags.[246] The Bush
administration's support for the independence of Albanian-majority
Kosovo, while endearing him to the Albanians, has troubled U.S.
relations with Serbia, leading to the February 2008 torching of the
U.S. embassy in Belgrade.[247]

Grenade attack
On May 10, 2005, in Tbilisi, Georgia, Vladimir Arutyunian threw a live
hand grenade toward the podium where Bush was giving a speech at
Freedom Square. Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili was seated
nearby. It landed in the crowd about 65 feet (20 m) from the podium
after hitting a girl, but it did not detonate. Arutyunian was arrested
in July 2005, confessed, and was convicted and given a life sentence
in January 2006.[248]

Other matters

Bush, Mahmoud Abbas, and Ariel Sharon meet at the Red Sea Summit in
Aqaba, Jordan, June 4, 2003The Bush administration withdrew U.S.
support for several international agreements, including the Anti-
Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM) with Russia. Bush emphasized a careful
approach to the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians; he
denounced Palestine Liberation Organization leader Yasser Arafat for
alleged support of violence, but sponsored dialogs between prime
ministers Ariel Sharon and Mahmoud Abbas. Bush supported Sharon's
unilateral disengagement plan, and lauded the democratic elections
held in Palestine after Arafat's death.
Bush also expressed U.S. support for the defense of Taiwan following
the stand-off in April 2001 with the People's Republic of China over
the Hainan Island incident, when an EP-3E Aries II surveillance
aircraft collided with one of China's People's Liberation Army Air
Force jet, leading to the detention of U.S. personnel. In 2003–2004,
Bush authorized U.S. military intervention in Haiti and Liberia to
protect U.S. interests.
In his State of the Union Address in January 2003, Bush outlined a
five-year strategy for global emergency AIDS relief, the President's
Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. Bush announced US$15 billion for this
effort—US$3 billion per year for five years—but requested less in
annual budgets.[249]
Bush condemned the attacks by militia forces on the people of Darfur,
and denounced the killings in Sudan as genocide.[250] Bush said that
an international peacekeeping presence was critical in Darfur, but
opposed referring the situation to the International Criminal Court.
On June 10, 2007, he met with Albanian Prime Minister Sali Berisha and
became the first president to visit Albania.[251] Bush has voiced his
support for the independence of Kosovo.[252]
Recently, Bush attended the 2008 Olympics as part of a good-will trip
to Asia, where he described them as "exceeded expectations". [253]

Supreme Court appointments
Main article: George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates
In 2005, George W. Bush nominated John G. Roberts as the Supreme
Court's Chief Justice after the death of Chief Justice William
Rehnquist. He was confirmed by the Senate on September 29, 2005.
Following the announcement of the retirement of Justice Sandra Day
O'Connor, Bush nominated White House Counsel Harriet Miers to succeed
O'Connor on October 3, 2005. However, Miers withdrew her nomination on
October 27 after facing significant opposition. After Miers's
withdrawal, Bush nominated another federal appellate judge, Samuel
Alito, as his new choice to replace O'Connor. Alito was confirmed as
the 110th Supreme Court Justice on January 31, 2006.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush
Weapon of mass destruction
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Weapons of mass destruction)
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This article is about the weapon. For the musical group, see Keller
Williams and the WMDs.
This article is about the weapon. For the Hip-hop album, see Weapons
of Mass Destruction (album).
Weapons of mass destruction

By type
Biological warfare
Chemical warfare
Nuclear weapons
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United States
This box: view • talk • edit
A weapon of mass destruction (WMD) is a weapon which can kill large
numbers of humans and/or cause great damage to man-made structures
(e.g. buildings), natural structures (e.g. mountains), or the
biosphere in general. The term covers several weapon types, including
nuclear, biological, chemical (NBC), and radiological weapons.
Additional terms used in a military context include atomic,
biological, and chemical warfare (ABC warfare) and chemical,
biological, radiological, and nuclear warfare (CBRN).
The phrase was predominantly used in reference to nuclear weapons
during the Cold War; following the collapse of the Soviet Union and
increasing tensions between the Middle East and the Western powers,
the term broadened to its modern, more inclusive definition. It
entered widespread usage in relation to the U.S.-led 2003 invasion of
Iraq.
Contents [hide]
1 Early uses of the term
1.1 Evolution of its use
2 Definitions of the term
3 WMD use and control
4 WMD use, possession and access
4.1 Nuclear weapons
5 United States politics
6 Media coverage of WMD
7 Public perceptions of WMD
8 WMD in popular culture
9 Common hazard symbols
10 Radioactive weaponry/hazard symbol
11 Biological weaponry/hazard symbol
12 See also
13 References
14 Further reading
14.1 Debate
14.2 Definition and origin
14.3 International law
14.4 Media
14.5 Public perceptions
15 External links


[edit] Early uses of the term
The first use of the term "weapons of mass destruction" on record is
from The Times (London) in 1937 in reference to the aerial bombardment
of Guernica, Spain:
“ Who can think at this present time without a sickening of the heart
of the appalling slaughter, the suffering, the manifold misery brought
by war to Spain and to China? Who can think without horror of what
another widespread war would mean, waged as it would be with all the
new weapons of mass destruction?[1] ”
At that time, there were no nuclear weapons; biological weapons were
already being researched by Japan (see Unit 731),[2] and chemical
weapons had seen wide use, most notably in World War I.
Following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and
progressing through the Cold War, the term came to refer more to non-
conventional weapons. The application of the term to specifically
nuclear and radiological weapons is traced by William Safire to the
Russian phrase oruziye massovovo porazheniya. He credits James Goodby
(of the Brookings Institution) with tracing what he considers the
earliest known English-language use soon after the nuclear bombing of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki (although it is not quite verbatim): a
communique from a November 15, 1945 meeting of Harry Truman, Clement
Attlee and Mackenzie King (probably drafted by Vannevar Bush — or so
Bush claimed in 1970) referred to "weapons adaptable to mass
destruction". That exact phrase, says Safire, was also used by Bernard
Baruch in 1946 (in a speech at the United Nations probably written by
Herbert Bayard Swope).[3] The same phrase found its way into the UN
resolution to create the Atomic Energy Commission (predecessor of the
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)), which used the wording "…
atomic weapons and of all other weapons adaptable to mass
destruction".
An exact use of this term was given in a lecture "Atomic Energy as an
Atomic Problem" by J. Robert Oppenheimer. The lecture was delivered to
the Foreign Service and the State Department, on September 17th, 1947.
The lecture is reprinted in The Open Mind (New York: Simon and
Schuster, 1955). "It is a very far reaching control which would
eliminate the rivalry between nations in this field, which would
prevent the surreptitious arming of one nation against another, which
would provide some cushion of time before atomic attack, and
presumably therefore before any attack with weapons of mass
destruction, and which would go a long way toward removing atomic
energy at least as a source of conflict between the powers."
An early use of the exact phrase in an international treaty was in the
Outer Space Treaty of 1967, however no definition was provided.

[edit] Evolution of its use
During the Cold War, the term "weapons of mass destruction" was
primarily a reference to nuclear weapons. At the time, the US arsenal
of thermonuclear weapons were regarded as a necessary deterrent
against an all-out strike from the Soviet Union (see Mutual Assured
Destruction), and the euphemism "strategic weapons" was used to refer
to the American nuclear arsenal.
The term "weapons of mass destruction" continued to see periodic use
throughout this time, usually in the context of nuclear arms control;
Ronald Reagan used it during the 1986 Reykjavík Summit, when referring
to the 1967 Outer Space Treaty.[4] Reagan's successor, George H.W.
Bush, used the term in an 1989 speech to the United Nations, using it
primarily in reference to chemical arms.[5]
The end of the Cold War reduced U.S. reliance on nuclear weapons as a
deterrent, causing it to shift its focus to disarmament. This period
coincided with an increasing threat to U.S. interests from Islamic
nations and independent Islamic groups. With the 1990 invasion of
Kuwait and 1991 Gulf War, Iraq's nuclear, biological, and chemical
weapons programs became a particular concern of the first Bush
Administration.[6] Following the war, the Clinton Administration and
other western politicians and media continued to use the term, usually
in reference to ongoing attempts to dismantle Iraq's weapons programs.
After the September 11, 2001 attacks and the 2001 anthrax attacks, an
increased fear of non-conventional weapons and asymmetrical warfare
took hold of the United States and other Western powers. This fear
reached a crescendo with the 2002 Iraq disarmament crisis and the
alleged existence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq that became
the primary justification for the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
Because of its prolific use during this period, the American Dialect
Society voted "weapons of mass destruction" (and its abbreviation,
"WMD") the word of the year in 2002,[7] and in 2003 Lake Superior
State University added WMD to its list of terms banished for "Mis-use,
Over-use and General Uselessness".[8]

[edit] Definitions of the term
The most widely used definition of "weapons of mass destruction" is
that of nuclear, biological or chemical weapons (NBC), although there
is no treaty or customary international law that contains an
authoritative definition. Instead, international law has been used
with respect to the specific categories of weapons within WMD, and not
to WMD as a whole.
The acronym NBC (for nuclear, biological and chemical) is used with
regards to battlefield protection systems for armored vehicles,
because all three involve insidious toxins that can be carried through
the air and can be protected against with vehicle air filtration
systems. However, there is an argument that nuclear weapons do not
belong in the same category as chemical, biological, or "dirty bomb"
radiological weapons, which have limited destructive potential (and
close to none, as far as property is concerned), whereas nuclear
weapons are immensely destructive and could be said to belong in a
class by themselves.
The NBC definition has also been used in official U.S. documents, by
the U.S. President,[9][10] the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency,[11]
the U.S. Department of Defense,[12][13] and the U.S. Government
Accountability Office.[14]
Other documents expand the definition of WMD to also include
radiological or conventional weapons. The U.S. military refers to WMD
as:
Weapons that are capable of a high order of destruction and/or of
being used in such a manner as to destroy large numbers of people.
Weapons of mass destruction can be high explosives or nuclear,
biological, chemical, and radiological weapons, but exclude the means
of transporting or propelling the weapon where such means is a
separable and divisible part of the weapon.[15]
The significance of the words separable and divisible part of the
weapon is that missiles such as the Pershing II and the SCUD are
considered weapons of mass destruction, while aircraft capable of
carrying bombloads are not.
Within U.S. civil defense organizations, the category is now Chemical,
Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive (CBRNE), which
defines WMD as:
(1) Any explosive, incendiary, poison gas, bomb, grenade, or rocket
having a propellant charge of more than four ounces [113 g], missile
having an explosive or incendiary charge of more than one-quarter
ounce [7 g], or mine or device similar to the above. (2) Poison gas.
(3) Any weapon involving a disease organism. (4) Any weapon that is
designed to release radiation at a level dangerous to human life. This
definition derives from US law, 18 U.S.C. Section 2332a[16] and the
referenced 18 USC 921.[17] Indictments and convictions for possession
and use of WMD such as truck bombs,[18] pipe bombs,[19] shoe bombs,
[20] cactus needles coated with botulin toxin,[21] etc. have been
obtained under 18 USC 2332a.
The U.S. FBI also considers conventional weapons (i.e. bombs) as WMD:
"A weapon crosses the WMD threshold when the consequences of its
release overwhelm local responders". Gustavo Bell Lemus, the Vice
President of Colombia, at the 2001 United Nations Conference on the
Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects,
quoted the Millennium Report of the UN Secretary-General to the
General Assembly, in which Kofi Annan said that small arms could be
described as WMD because the fatalities they cause "dwarf that of all
other weapons systems - and in most years greatly exceed the toll of
the atomic bombs that devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki".[22]
Chemical weapons expert Gert G. Harigel considers only nuclear weapons
true weapons of mass destruction, because "only nuclear weapons are
completely indiscriminate by their explosive power, heat radiation and
radioactivity, and only they should therefore be called a weapon of
mass destruction". He prefers to call chemical and biological weapons
"weapons of terror" when aimed against civilians and "weapons of
intimidation" for soldiers. Testimony of one such soldier expresses
the same viewpoint.[23] For a period of several months in the winter
of 2002-2003, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz
frequently used the term "weapons of mass terror," apparently also
recognizing the distinction between the psychological and the physical
effects of many things currently falling into the WMD category.
An additional condition often implicitly applied to WMD is that the
use of the weapons must be strategic. In other words, they would be
designed to "have consequences far outweighing the size and
effectiveness of the weapons themselves".[24] The strategic nature of
WMD also defines their function in the military doctrine of total war
as targeting the means a country would use to support and supply its
war effort, specifically its population, industry, and natural
resources.
The Washington Post reported on 3/30/2006: "Jurors asked the judge in
the death penalty trial of Zacarias Moussaoui today to define the term
"weapons of mass destruction" and were told it includes airplanes used
as missiles". Moussaoui was indicted and tried for the use of
airplanes as WMD.(see above).

[edit] WMD use and control
See also: Arms control
The development and use of WMD is governed by international
conventions and treaties, although not all countries have signed and
ratified them:
Partial Test Ban Treaty
Outer Space Treaty
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
Seabed Arms Control Treaty
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)
Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC)
Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)
In 1996 the International Court of Justice provided an advisory
opinion regarding the use and threat of use of nuclear weapons. The
statement is an authoritative legal pronouncement but not legally
binding. It stated that any threat of the use of force, or the use of
force, by means of nuclear weapons that is contrary to Article 2,
paragraph 4 of the United Nations Charter or that fails to meet all
the requirements of Article 51 would be unlawful.
Adopted by the UN Security Council on April 28, 2004, UN Resolution
1540 recognizes the threat posed to international peace and security
by nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, as well as their means of
delivery. It calls upon greater effort by nations to limit
proliferation of such weapons.
Weapons of mass destruction, especially nuclear weapons, are rarely
used because their use is essentially an "invitation" for a WMD
retaliation, which in turn could escalate into a war so destructive it
could easily destroy huge segments of the world's population. During
the Cold War, this understanding became known as mutually assured
destruction and was largely the reason war never broke out between the
WMD-armed United States and Soviet Union.

[edit] WMD use, possession and access
[edit] Nuclear weapons

U.S. nuclear warheads, 1945-2002Main article: List of countries with
nuclear weapons
The only country to have used a nuclear weapon in war is the United
States. There are eight countries that have declared they possess
nuclear weapons and are known to have tested a nuclear weapon, only
five of which are members of the NPT. The eight include: People's
Republic of China; France; India; Pakistan; Russia; The United
Kingdom; the United States of America; and North Korea. Israel is
considered by most analysts to have nuclear weapons numbering in the
low hundreds as well, but maintains an official policy of nuclear
ambiguity, neither denying nor confirming its nuclear status. Iran is
suspected by western countries of seeking nuclear weapons, a claim
that it denies. South Africa developed a small nuclear arsenal in the
1980s but disassembled them in the early 1990s, making it the only
country to have fully given up an independently developed nuclear
weapons arsenal. Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine inherited stockpiles
of nuclear arms following the break-up of the Soviet Union, but
relinquished them to the Russian Federation. Countries with access to
nuclear weapons through nuclear sharing agreements include: Belgium,
Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Turkey. North Korea has claimed
to have developed and tested nuclear devices; although outside sources
have been unable to unequivocally support the state's claims, North
Korea has officially been identified to have nuclear weapons.

[edit] United States politics
Due to the indiscriminate impact of WMDs, the fear of a WMD attack has
shaped political policies and campaigns, fostered social movements,
and has been the central theme of many films. Support for different
levels of WMD development and control varies nationally and
internationally. Yet understanding of the nature of the threats is not
high, in part because of imprecise usage of the term by politicians
and the media.
Fear of WMD, or of threats diminished by the possession of WMD, has
long been used to catalyze public support for various WMD policies.
They include mobilization of pro- and anti-WMD campaigners alike, and
generation of popular political support. The term WMD may be used as a
powerful buzzword,[25] or to generate a culture of fear.[26]. It is
also used ambiguously, particularly by not distinguishing among the
different types of WMD.[27]
A television commercial called Daisy, promoting Democrat Lyndon
Johnson's 1964 presidential candidacy, invoked the fear of a nuclear
war and was an element in Johnson's subsequent election.
More recently, the threat of potential WMD in Iraq was used by George
W. Bush to generate public support for the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[28]
[29] Broad reference to Iraqi WMD in general was seen as an element of
Bush's arguments.[27] As Paul Wolfowitz explained: "For bureaucratic
reasons, we settled on one issue, weapons of mass destruction, because
it was the one reason everyone could agree on."[30] To date, however,
Coalition forces have found mainly degraded artillery shells. On June
21, 2006, United States Senator Rick Santorum claimed that "We have
found weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, chemical weapons."
According to the Washington Post, he was referring to 500 such shells
"that had been buried near the Iranian border, and then long
forgotten, by Iraqi troops during their eight-year war with Iran,
which ended in 1988." That night, "intelligence officials reaffirmed
that the shells were old and were not the suspected weapons of mass
destruction sought in Iraq after the 2003 invasion." The shells had
been uncovered and reported on in 2004.[31] In 2004 Polish troops
found 17 1980s-era rocket warheads, thwarting an attempt by militants
to buy them at $5000 each. Some of the rockets contained extremely
deteriorated nerve agent.[32]

[edit] Media coverage of WMD
[opinion needs balancing]
In 2004 the Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland
(CISSM) released a report[33] examining the media’s coverage of WMD
issues during three separate periods: India’s nuclear weapons tests in
May 1998; the US announcement of evidence of a North Korean nuclear
weapons program in October 2002; and revelations about Iran's nuclear
program in May 2003. The CISSM report notes that poor coverage
resulted less from political bias among the media than from tired
journalistic conventions. The report’s major findings were that:
Most media outlets represented WMD as a monolithic menace, failing to
adequately distinguish between weapons programs and actual weapons or
to address the real differences among chemical, biological, nuclear,
and radiological weapons.
Most journalists accepted the Bush administration’s formulation of the
“War on Terror” as a campaign against WMD, in contrast to coverage
during the Clinton era, when many journalists made careful
distinctions between acts of terrorism and the acquisition and use of
WMD.
Many stories stenographically reported the incumbent administration’s
perspective on WMD, giving too little critical examination of the way
officials framed the events, issues, threats, and policy options.
Too few stories proffered alternative perspectives to official line, a
problem exacerbated by the journalistic prioritizing of breaking-news
stories and the “inverted pyramid” style of storytelling.
In a separate study published in 2005,[34] a group of researchers
assessed the effects reports and retractions in the media had on
people’s memory regarding the search for WMD in Iraq during the 2003
Iraq War. The study focused on populations in two coalition countries
(Australia and USA) and one opposed to the war (Germany). Results
showed that US citizens generally did not correct initial
misconceptions regarding WMD, even following disconfirmation;
Australian and German citizens were more responsive to retractions.
Dependence on the initial source of information led to a substantial
minority of Americans exhibiting false memory that WMD were indeed
discovered, while they were not. This led to three conclusions:
The repetition of tentative news stories, even if they are
subsequently disconfirmed, can assist in the creation of false
memories in a substantial proportion of people.
Once information is published, its subsequent correction does not
alter people's beliefs unless they are suspicious about the motives
underlying the events the news stories are about.
When people ignore corrections, they do so irrespective of how certain
they are that the corrections occurred.
A poll conducted between June and September 2003 asked people whether
they thought WMD had been discovered in Iraq since the war ended. They
were also asked which media sources they relied upon. Those who
obtained their news primarily from Fox News were three times as likely
to believe that evidence confirming WMD had been discovered in Iraq
than those who relied on PBS and NPR for their news, and one third
more likely than those who primarily watched CBS.
Media source Respondents believing evidence of WMD had been found in
Iraq since the war ended
Fox 33%
CBS 23%
NBC 20%
CNN 20%
ABC 19%
Print media 17%
PBS-NPR 11%
Based on a series of polls taken from June-September 2003.[35]
In 2006 Fox News reported the claims of two Republican lawmakers that
WMDs had been found in Iraq,[36] based upon unclassified portions of a
report by the National Ground Intelligence Center. Quoting from the
report Senator Rick Santorum said "Since 2003, coalition forces have
recovered approximately 500 weapons munitions which contain degraded
mustard or sarin nerve agent". According to David Kay, who appeared
before the US House Armed Services Committee to discuss these badly
corroded munitions, they were leftovers, many years old, improperly
stored or destroyed by the Iraqis.[37] Charles Duelfer agreed, stating
on NPR's Talk of the Nation: "When I was running the ISG – the Iraq
Survey Group – we had a couple of them that had been turned in to
these IEDs, the improvised explosive devices. But they are local
hazards. They are not a major, you know, weapon of mass
destruction."[38]
Many news agencies, including Fox News, reported the conclusions of
the CIA that, based upon the investigation of the Iraq Survey Group,
WMDs have yet to be found in Iraq.[39][40]

Note:
From US Code Title 18.2332a [5]
(2) the term “weapon of mass destruction” means—
(A) any destructive device as defined in section 921 of this title;
(B) any weapon that is designed or intended to cause death or
serious bodily injury through the release, dissemination, or
impact of toxic or poisonous chemicals, or their precursors;
(C) any weapon involving a biological agent, toxin, or vector (as
those terms are defined in section 178 of this title); or
(D) any weapon that is designed to release radiation or
radioactivity at a level dangerous to human life;
From Title 18.921 [6]
(4) The term “destructive device” means—
(A) any explosive, incendiary, or poison gas—
(i) bomb,
(ii) grenade,
(iii) rocket having a propellant charge of more than four
ounces,
(iv) missile having an explosive or incendiary charge of more
than one-quarter ounce,
(v) mine, or
(vi) device similar to any of the devices described in the
preceding clauses;
(B) any type of weapon (other than a shotgun or a shotgun shell
which the Attorney General finds is generally recognized as
particularly suitable for sporting purposes) by whatever name
known which will, or which may be readily converted to, expel
a projectile by the action of an explosive or other propellant,
and which has any barrel with a bore of more than one-half
inch in diameter; and
(C) any combination of parts either designed or intended for use in
converting any device into any destructive device described
in subparagraph (A) or (B) and from which a destructive device
may be readily assembled.
The term “destructive device” shall not include any device which is
neither designed nor redesigned for use as a weapon; any
device, although originally designed for use as a weapon, which is
redesigned for use as a signaling, pyrotechnic, line throwing,
safety, or similar device; surplus ordnance sold, loaned, or given by
the Secretary of the Army pursuant to the provisions of
section 4684 (2), 4685, or 4686 of title 10; or any other device
which the Attorney General finds is not likely to be used as a
weapon, is an antique, or is a rifle which the owner intends to use
solely for sporting, recreational or cultural purposes.
From Title 18.178 [7]
(1) the term “biological agent” means any microorganism (including,
but not limited to, bacteria, viruses, fungi, rickettsiae or
protozoa), or infectious substance, or any naturally occurring,
bioengineered or synthesized component of any such
microorganism or infectious substance, capable of causing—
(A) death, disease, or other biological malfunction in a human, an
animal, a plant, or another living organism;
(B) deterioration of food, water, equipment, supplies, or material
of any kind; or
(C) deleterious alteration of the environment;
(2) the term “toxin” means the toxic material or product of plants,
animals, microorganisms (including, but not limited to,
bacteria, viruses, fungi, rickettsiae or protozoa), or infectious
substances, or a recombinant or synthesized molecule,
whatever their origin and method of production, and includes—
(A) any poisonous substance or biological product that may be
engineered as a result of biotechnology produced by a living
organism; or
(B) any poisonous isomer or biological product, homolog, or
derivative of such a substance;
(3) the term “delivery system” means—
(A) any apparatus, equipment, device, or means of delivery
specifically designed to deliver or disseminate a biological agent,
toxin, or vector; or
(B) any vector;
(4) the term “vector” means a living organism, or molecule, including
a recombinant or synthesized molecule, capable of carrying a
biological agent or toxin to a host; and
(5) the term “national of the United States” has the meaning
prescribed in section 101(a)(22) of the Immigration and Nationality
Act (8 U.S.C. 1101 (a)(22)).
Based on this the sarin and mustard gas found DO classify as weapons
of mass destruction.

[edit] Public perceptions of WMD
Awareness and opinions of WMD have varied during the course of their
history. Their threat is a source of unease, security and pride to
different people. The anti-WMD movement is embodied most in nuclear
disarmament, and led to the formation of the Campaign for Nuclear
Disarmament.
In 1998 University of New Mexico's Institute for Public Policy
released their third report[41] on US perceptions - including the
general public, politicians and scientists - of nuclear weapons since
the break up of the Soviet Union. Risks of nuclear conflict,
proliferation, and terrorism were seen as substantial. While
maintenance of a nuclear US arsenal was considered above average in
importance, there was widespread support for a reduction in the
stockpile, and very little support for developing and testing new
nuclear weapons.
Also in 1998, but after the UNM survey was conducted, nuclear weapons
became an issue in India's election of March,[42] in relation to
political tensions with neighboring Pakistan. Prior to the election
the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) announced it would “declare India a
nuclear weapon state” after coming to power. BJP won the elections,
and on May 14, three days after India tested nuclear weapons for the
second time, a public opinion poll reported that a majority of Indians
favored the country’s nuclear build-up.
On April 15, 2004, the Program on International Policy Attitudes
(PIPA) reported[43] that US citizens showed high levels of concern
regarding WMD, and that preventing the spread of nuclear weapons
should be "a very important US foreign policy goal", accomplished
through multilateral arms control rather than the use of military
threats. A majority also believed the US should be more forthcoming
with its biological research and its Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
commitment of nuclear arms reduction, and incorrectly thought the US
was a party to various non-proliferation treaties.
A Russian opinion poll conducted on August 5, 2005 indicated half the
population believes new nuclear powers have the right to possess
nuclear weapons.[44] 39% believes the Russian stockpile should be
reduced, though not fully eliminated.

[edit] WMD in popular culture
Weapons of mass destruction and their related impacts have been a
mainstay of popular culture since the beginning of the Cold War, as
both political commentary and humorous outlet.
Nuclear weapons have been a central theme of movies since The Day the
Earth Stood Still (1951); two of the most famous are Dr. Strangelove
or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964) and Fail-
Safe (1964). Biological weapons have also featured, as in Twelve
Monkeys (1995). Several early James Bond films involve a madman, most
notably Ernst Stavro Blofeld of the fictional terrorist organization
S.P.E.C.T.R.E., who intends to use either nuclear or biological
weapons in the quest for world domination. This has been parodied in
the Austin Powers series with Dr. Evil.
WMDs are a popular theme in science fiction. The seminal novel Dune
discusses atomic weapons, and its sequel Dune Messiah employs one
called a Stone Burner. In the Star Wars universe, the Death Star is a
moveable, multi-use WMD (meaning that it, unlike most WMD missiles,
can be used thousands of times.) In the Babylon 5 universe, WMDs have
been used a number of times, most directly by the Earth Alliance (the
Earth-Minbari War uses nuclear weapons), the Army of Light (the Shadow
War, also nuclear), the Centauri (Narn-Centauri War, planetary
bombardment with asteroids by mass drivers), as well as on their own
planet on the Isle of Selini to rid themselves of the Shadows
(nuclear), and the Drakh (biological warfare against Earth). During
Season 4, Episode 1 (09/03/1997 Stardate: 51003.7) of Star Trek:
Voyager, Captain Janeway (Kate Mulgrew) consults with Borg
representative Seven of Nine (Jeri Ryan) on how to destroy Species
8472. Janeway calls Seven of Nine's "multikinetic neutronic mine. Five
million isoton yield" a "Weapon of Mass Destruction." Following up on
a statement from Tuvok (Tim Russ) that it would affect the entire
Solar System destroying innocent worlds, Seven of Nine replies, "It
would be efficient."
In the context of the lead-up to the invasion of Iraq under the guise
of Saddam Hussein's alleged WMDs, the phrase became ubiquitous. A
parody[45] based on Internet Explorer's "404 Not Found" message was
created, poking fun at the state of international affairs, and for a
time was the #1 hit for the Google search "weapons of mass
destruction". Similarly, at the annual Radio and Television
Correspondents Dinner, February 24, 2004, George W. Bush joked about
being unable to find WMD in Iraq, saying "Those weapons of mass
destruction must be somewhere", while showing images of himself
searching the White House for something.[46][47] In 2003 an easyJet
advertising campaign attracted controversy with a billboard ad
featuring a woman's breasts with the phrase "discover weapons of mass
distraction".
Sue Townsend continued her best-selling series of comic-political
novels with the 2004 Adrian Mole and the Weapons of Mass Destruction.
The eponymous hero trusts Tony Blair implicitly, and writes to him
asking for proof of the WMDs' existence, so he can get a refund from
the travel agency where he had deposited some money for a holiday in
Cyprus, since this island is now apparently no longer safe to travel
to.
The 2005 series of Doctor Who contained a double episode about an
alien invasion in London. In one scene, when discussing whether an
attack on the aliens' space craft was warranted, politicians claimed
it was necessary because the aliens had "massive weapons of
destruction" which could be deployed "within forty-five seconds" — a
reference to Prime Minister Tony Blair's claim in the lead-up to the
Iraq War that Saddam Hussein had WMDs could be deployed within 45
minutes. In The Simpsons "Treehouse of Horror XVII", aliens Kang and
Kodos, spoofing the Iraq War, claim that they had to invade, as Earth
was working on "Weapons of Mass Disintegration." In the episode
("Rekognize") of Da Ali G Show, Ali mistakenly refers to WMDs as
"BLTs" (an acronym for the popular American sandwich made of bacon,
lettuce, and tomato), going so far as to ask if there was mustard gas
in the BLTs.
In 2005, the Paranoia RPG published a collection of new Straight-style
missions under the title "WMD". Each mission revolved around a plot
device with the initials WMD. At least one of the missions involved an
actual device that might have been a WMD; but, in general they simply
focussed on situations rife with a sense of stress, uncertainty and
fear. The hit TV show 24 typically features a different weapon of mass
destruction in each season: the second, fourth and sixth seasons
feature nuclear weapons, the third features a weaponized virus, and
the fifth, VX nerve gas, a chemical weapon of mass destruction. In the
Nextwave comic book the Beyond Corporation© is testing out "Unusual
Weapons of Mass Destruction" within the US, starting with a weapon
called Fin Fang Foom.
Weapons of Mass Destruction is the title of an album released by the
rapper Xzibit in 2004, who also called a car featured on Pimp My Ride
a WMD. Faithless released the album No Roots in 2004 which contained
the single "Mass Destruction", whose lyrics describe negative traits
such as fear, racism, greed and inaction as "weapons of mass
destruction".[48]
Air America Radio occasionally broadcasts an advertisement for its
announcers saying the network is fighting back against "Weapons of
Mass Deception."
However, the mocking of the term dates back well before the Iraq War,
with Hugh Cook's 1992 fantasy novel The Witchlord and the Weaponmaster
satirically mentioned that the avalanche is a terrible weapon of mass
destruction, outlawed by civilised countries in the conduct of war.
In a 1955 episode of the radio comedy series Hancock's Half Hour
entitled "The Chef That Died of Shame", there is a joke about a UN
delegate wanting the hero's dumplings added to a list of "Banned
Weapons of Mass Destruction".
In video gaming culture, (PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and/or personal
computer) the name "Weapons of Mass Destruction" is an example of a
name used to identify a clan (group of players in the online multi-
player community) with a "clan tag" [WMD] (abbreviated version of the
clan's name.) The use of such violent themes for the naming of a
gaming community are relatively common in current popular culture.

War economy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

A German poster telling the public how to save soap and oil during the
war timeWar economy is the term used to describe the contingencies
undertaken by the modern state to mobilise its economy for war
production. Philippe Le Billon describes a war economy as a "system of
producing, mobilising and allocating resources to sustain the
violence". The war economy can form an economic system termed the
"military-industrial complex". Many states increase the degree of
planning in their economies during wars; in many cases this extends to
rationing, and in some cases to conscription for civil purposes, such
as the Women's Land Army and Bevin Boys in the United Kingdom in World
War II.
Franklin D. Roosevelt said that if the Axis Powers win, then "we would
have to convert ourselves permanently into a militaristic power on the
basis of war economy."[1]
In what is known as total war, these economies are often seen as
targets by many militaries. The Union blockade during the American
Civil War is regarded as one of the first examples of this.
Concerning the side of aggregate demand, this concept has been linked
to the concept of "military Keynesianism", in which the government's
military budget stabilizes business cycles and fluctuations and/or is
used to fight recessions.
On the supply side, it has been observed that wars sometimes have the
effect of accelerating progress of technology to such an extent that
an economy is greatly strengthened after the war, especially if it has
avoided the war-related destruction. This was the case, for example,
with the United States in World War I and World War II. Some
economists (such as Seymour Melman) argue, however, that the wasteful
nature of much of military spending eventually can hurt technological
progress.
A New Zealand woman called Marilyn Waring, an author and academic
holding a Ph.D. in political economy also criticised the structure of
the war economy, in being a basis by which the United Nations supports
and implicates war sustaining structures in developing nations[2].
This has follow on effects towards notions of Globalisation

[edit] Further reading
Appadurai, Arjun. (1991). "Disjuncture and Difference in the Global
Cultural Economy". in M. Featherstone (ed.) Global Culture:
Nationalism, Globalisation and Modernity. London: Sage. 295 - 310.
Franklin, Sarah, Lury, Celia & Stacey, Jackie. (2000). Global nature/
global culture. London: SAGE.
Giddens, Anthony. (2002). Runaway World: How Globalisation is Shaping
Our Lives (New Edition). London: Profile. 6 - 19.
Goldstein, Joshua S. (2001). War and gender: How gender shapes the war
system and vice versa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Moeller, Susan. (1999). "Compassion Fatigue", Compassion Fatigue: How
the Media Sells Disease, Famine, War and Death. New York & London:
Routledge. 6 - 53.
Paolini, Albert. (1997). "Globalisation" in P. Darby (ed.) At the Edge
of International Relations: Postcolonialism, Gender and Dependency.
London & New York: Pinter. 33 -60.
[edit] References
^ [1][dead link]
^ The National Film Board of Canada. Who's Counting?: Marilyn Waring
on Sex, Lies, and Global Economics. [Video]. Directed by Terre Nash
(1995) ISBN 0-7722-0680-5


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is less availability for big bang implementations. We are also seeing
customer ...RNOW

Nature.com (subscription) Ink flows on "dark flow
Nature.com (subscription), UK - 55 minutes ago
That would appear to undermine a theory known as "inflation," which
posits that a growth spurt moments after the Big Bang made the cosmos
flat and ...
Galaxy flow hints at huge masses over cosmic horizon New Scientist
(subscription)
all 4 news articles »

TV Cocktail Blog 90210 - The Big Bang Theory
TV Cocktail Blog, NY - 20 hours ago
Previously on Beverly Hills 9021-Dear-God-Please-Give-These-Girls-A-
Sandwich!: The Wilson clan took the Bev Niner by storm. Dixon
enchanted fellow outsider ...
Blue Screen of Death knocks out the Big Bang Machine
The Spoof (satire), UK - 24 Sep 2008
Geneva: The Big Bang machine stopped working today after it developed
the Blue Screen of Death. Said Cerns director Professor Wolfgang "Yes
we can confirm ...


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BBC News We’re in a state of war: Asif
Pakistan Dawn, Pakistan - 15 hours ago
By Anwar Iqbal and Masood Haider NEW YORK, Sept 24: President Asif Ali
Zardari urged the nation on Wednesday to realise that it was in a
state of war and ...
Pakistan is at war: Zardari The News International
India Military Faces Manpower Crunch as Economy Booms (Update1)
Bloomberg
‘Pakistan is at war’: Zardari The News International
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Bay Area Indymedia Filipino war veterans want treatment equal to
Americans
GMA news.tv, Philippines - 15 hours ago
MANILA, Philippines - Filipinos who fought alongside US soldiers
during World War II say they will accept whatever benefits Washington
gives them but will ...
Too little, too late: US OKs payment for RP war vets Inquirer.net
House and Senate Differ Over Benefit Plan for Filipino Veterans New
York Times
War veterans to get lumpsums in bill Manila Times
KHNL-TV/KHBC/KOGG - Manila Bulletin
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Boston Globe Jackson Browne Says America Has Always Been Duped Into
War
KBS Radio, Canada - 41 minutes ago
One of the standout tracks on the new album is "The Drums Of War"
which discusses the machinery of the war in Iraq: "This song '(The)
Drums Of War'is about ...
Psychology: Bringing the war home Annapolis Capital
Seven Years Into the 'War on Terror' Middle East Times
McCain/Obama Debate 1: War vs. Peace Huffington Post
Toledo Blade - New University Online
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Canada.com Movie review: 'Lucky Ones' takes a lighter approach to war
San Jose Mercury News, USA - 17 hours ago
By Rob Lowman In "The Lucky Ones,'' three returning Iraq War veterans
find themselves on an improbable cross-country journey. The word
"lucky'' in the title ...
Can The Lucky Ones break the Iraq war-movie jinx? Creative Loafing
Tampa
Exclusive Interview : Tim Robbins Moviehole
Tim Robbins is feeling lucky Canada.com
Georgia Straight - Chicago Daily Herald
all 38 news articles »

New York Daily News Spike Lee discusses 'Miracle at St. Anna' (and
Obama)
Los Angeles Times, CA - 11 hours ago
AUTEUR: Spike Lee, who had two uncles serve in World War II, grew up
watching movies about the conflict that had no black soldiers. ...
Miracle at St. Anna (2008) Entertainment Weekly
'The Miracle at St. Anna': A combat epic with a heavy burden
International Herald Tribune
Spike Lee manages to pull off a 'Miracle' USA Today
Broward New Times - The Canadian Press
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AFP World War plot weapons on display
The Press Association - 12 hours ago
Weapons involved in the assassination plot which sparked the First
World War and the deaths of 21 million are to go on display to mark
the war's end. ...
Weapons that helped start World War I going on show in London AFP
Pistol that sparked First World War goes on display in the UK History
News Network
Revealed: Pistol that sparked World War One goes on display in ...
Daily Mail
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War and Democracy -- Miriam Coronel Ferrer
ABS CBN News, Philippines - 2 hours ago
Now the war has made them even poorer and entirely dependent on
humanitarian aid. Each day, they are being stripped, piece by piece,
of the few remaining ...

Telegraph.co.uk War games fanatic Matthew Pyke killed by gamer from
Germany ...
Telegraph.co.uk, United Kingdom - 2 hours ago
Internet war games fanatic Matthew Pyke was stabbed to death by a
fellow player who flew from Germany to murder him after an online
dispute, police believe. ...
Russia uses food as a Cold War weapon
Telegraph.co.uk, United Kingdom - 1 hour ago
Russia's bumper wheat harvest has allowed it to open a new front in
the re-emerging Cold War as it uses food to expand its influence in
the Middle East and ...
Lake Highlands: WyldLife gets into Crud War
Dallas Morning News, TX - 1 hour ago
Meredith Reed used neighborsgo.com to post her story and photos about
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the cover of this ...


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SkySports Cricket-Poor India record affecting Ponting, says Zaheer
Reuters.uk, UK - 9 hours ago
Australia arrived on Monday ahead of schedule to spend a week
acclimatising at the Rajasthan cricket academy. Australia won a four-
match series 2-1 on the ...
'Ponting's poor record is an advantage for us' - Zaheer CricInfo.com
Adequate security measures put in place for Australian team Press
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Cricbuzz Cricket-ICC to meet ICL representatives after Bangladesh
crisis
Reuters.uk, UK - 4 hours ago
MUMBAI, Sept 25 (Reuters) - Cricket's governing body has agreed to
meet representatives of the unofficial Indian Cricket League (ICL)
which triggered a ...
International game must come first: ICC will regulate Twenty20 ...
Daily Times
Indian Cricket League causes stir with international players Toronto
Star
Sri Lanka lifts ban on ICL players Dispatch Online
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AFP India in to bat for Cricket Australia
Melbourne Herald Sun, Australia - 2 hours ago
INDIAN cricket supremo Lalit Modi says his country will help Australia
implement its own world-class Twenty20 tournament next year. ...
Mumbai to host Champions League Twenty20 final Rediff
India's top venues to host T20 Champions League AFP
Champions League Twenty20 unveils tournament logo Televisionpoint.com
Courier Mail - Hindustan Times
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SkySports This is cricket
Indian Express, India - 24 Sep 2008
Greg Chappell, singed by association with the wonder that is the
Indian Cricket establishment, is giving his former charges something
to think about. ...
Guru Greg Consults for the Aussie Cricket Side Bleacher Report
Indian cricketers fumes at top facilities for Aussies - report AFP
'Nothing wrong in giving Aus top facilities' Cricketnext.com
Expressindia.com - SkySports
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LIVENEWS.com.au The batting should set the Aussie agenda
Hindu, India - 8 hours ago
AP It appears increasingly difficult these days to assess a
forthcoming series in isolation, glorying solely in the cricket that
might be played. ...
Test series will still be fiery: Agarkar The Age
Harbhajan vows to tone down antics and focus on game Press Trust of
India
Harbhajan wants to shed his bad boy image Times of India
LIVENEWS.com.au - The Australian
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WA today Shane Watson seeking respect from cricket public
Daily Telegraph, Australia - 2 hours ago
By Jon Pierik in Jaipur SHANE Watson says he craves respect from the
Australian cricket public and hopes to earn that with a breakthrough
tour of India. ...
Watson wants a close contest with India NDTV.com
Watson rebuilds body, outlook and career The Age
Right time for 'younger guys' to step up - Lee CricInfo.com
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BBC Sport Pakistan to play international cricket in Dubai
International Herald Tribune, France - 8 hours ago
AP ISLAMABAD, Pakistan: The Pakistan Cricket Board has signed a three-
year, US$9 million deal to play international limited-overs and
Twenty20 matches in ...
Cricket-Pakistan inks $9 million deal with Dubai sports city
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Dubai to host Pakistan SkySports
Pakistan switches ODIs to Dubai BBC Sport
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Former PCB chief feels India will not tour Pak
Press Trust of India, India - 3 hours ago
Karachi, Sep 25 (PTI) Former Chairman of the Pakistan Cricket Board,
Lt General (Retd) Tauqir Zia, feels the security situation in the
country could ...
BCCI to take Government advice on Pakistan tour Daily Times
Hapless PCB willing to play at neutral venues against Windies
Expressindia.com
Change font size Kerala Online
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Cricketnext.com Licence cloud gathers over cricket
Times of India, India - 15 hours ago
Bangalore: A non-cricketing rule might just come in the way of the
Border-Gavaskar trophy cricket match between India and Australia,
scheduled from Oct 9-13 ...
Private security for the Bangalore Test Daily News & Analysis
Security issues ahead of Test Hindu
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Oneindia Bradman's First Cricket Bat Sold for A$145000, Australian
Says
Bloomberg - 19 hours ago
25 (Bloomberg) -- Sir Donald Bradman's cricket bat, the first used by
the Australian sporting hero in an international match, sold for a
record A$145000 ...
Bradman breaks another record with his cricket bat The Times
Don Bradman's first Test cricket bat goes for record price at auction
The Canadian Press
Bradman's Debut Bat Sold for Oneindia
Press Trust of India - Radio New Zealand
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EDITORIAL: Free market schooling outdoes compulsion
Las Vegas Review - Journal, NV - 9 hours ago
... 100 existing studies comparing private versus government
compulsory schooling from Chile to Nigeria to Sweden, from India to
Germany to the Netherlands. ...
Effective decentralization needed in Education
IndiaEduNews.net, India - 23 Sep 2008
The current analysis of UN on India's Education for All commended
India's efforts in bringing children back to schools who are dropouts
by way of the formal ...
11th Five Year Plan Incorporates the Notion of Life Long Education ...
Press Information Bureau (press release), India - 23 Sep 2008
In India , we are committed to providing a second chance to young
adults and adolescents who lost the opportunity for formal
schooling. ...
Attack on global poverty at risk
The Australian, Australia - 24 Sep 2008
The bank attributes much of the improvement, particularly in extreme
poverty, to high economic growth in China and India. But it says
progress also has ...
Education: It’s Not Just About the Boys. Get Girls Into School.
Newsweek - 20 Sep 2008
But our best efforts to get more impoverished kids into schools aren't
always effective. Despite some recent progress in China and
India, ...

Hindu The art of not learning
Hindu, India - 20 Sep 2008
... investing in nuclear arms and energy, in highways and airports, in
oil fields and mines, in industry and the market, can India not build
schools?
'A truly historic opportunity'
guardian.co.uk, UK - 23 Sep 2008
India, for example, has posted annual growth rates above 7% for the
past 15 years yet has seen persistently high rates of child
malnutrition. ...
:. Nayeema Details Journalism Work Experience
Kashmir Watch, Pakistan - 24 Sep 2008
You are a broadcaster par excellence, talk me through your early
schooling and how you went on to become a celebrity journalist. I did
my schooling from ...


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Invitation of offer on sale of NPAs - United Bank of India
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LIVENEWS.com.au Symonds to take field against Kolkata Knight Riders
Indiatimes, India - 2 hours ago
Part of it is getting ready for next season, but another part is just
to say the Kolkata Knight Riders exists, not just in Kolkata, but
around India and out ...
Symonds to face Knight Riders in practice games CricInfo.com
Interview: Chris Simpson ABC Online
Symonds commits Sydney Morning Herald
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Hoax call sets alarm in Kolkata
Thaindian.com, Thailand - 3 hours ago
Kolkata, Sep 25 (IANS) A hoax phone call about a possible bomb planted
at the Calcutta High Court Thursday set the police on alert.”The city
police control ...
Bomb threat at High Court, city civil court Zee News
Bomb threat at Calcutta HC, city civil court triggers panic Press
Trust of India
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Fame Kolkata gets recognition as multiplex complex
Indiantelevision.com, India - 2 hours ago
... government’s Special Secretary and Ex-offico Director of Films has
recommended ‘Fame’ Kolkata for being considered as ‘multiplex theatre
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Fame India receives subsidy for Multiplex in West Bengal Equity Bulls
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KOLKATA CONNECTION
The Statesman, India - 21 hours ago
Anshu Varma spent her early years in Kolkata and New Delhi. Today she
is a leading name among mehandi artists. Varma, who has a degree in
economics and ...

Goal.com I-League Weekend Preview
Goal.com, Switzerland - 4 hours ago
Bad results in the Kolkata league coupled with events of stone pelting
by fans. Manoranjan Bhattacharya resigned out of frustration and
insiders believe ...
I-League Preview: East Bengal – Chirag United Goal.com
all 2 news articles »

BBC News Security tightened in Kolkata after threat mail
Fresh News, India - 13 hours ago
According to police sources, the e-mail, written in English, said
after the "success" of Sep 13 Delhi blast, the next "target" is
Kolkata. ...
Indian Mujahideen controlled from Pakistan: Delhi Police Zee News
Five in net, behind every major attack: Police Indian Express
Police trace IM links with Dawood Hindustan Times
Hindu - SINDH TODAY
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Washington Post History, Heritage and a Few Hundred Sheep In
Kolkata's ...
Washington Post, United States - 24 Sep 2008
By Emily Wax KOLKATA, India -- Through summer's sweltering heat,
through the monsoon season's torrential downpours and even after the
city's recent ...

IBNLive.com Metro Cash & Carry buys time to decide on Bengal
Economic Times, India - 5 hours ago
25 Sep, 2008, 1832 hrs IST, PTI KOLKATA: German wholesale giant Metro
Cash Carry on Thursday said it would wait for a decision till
September 29 on re-issue ...
Metro Cash & Carry asked to wait till Sunday Hindu Business Line
German firm defers taking decision on West Bengal Thaindian.com
After Tata, Germany wholesale chain mulls quitting WB IBNLive.com
all 14 news articles »

Calcutta Telegraph CISF man calls pilot ‘driver’, spat hits flights in
Kolkata
Indian Express, India - 23 Sep 2008
Kolkata, September 23 Air India flights here are likely to be affected
from Wednesday as members of the Indian Commercial Pilots’ Association
(ICPA) on ...
Pilot-CISF scuffle at NSC Bose Airport The Statesman
AI pilot beaten up by CISF men, demands apology Times of India
CISF personnel ‘beat up’ Air India pilot at Kolkata airport
Thaindian.com
Expressindia.com - Times of India
all 29 news articles »
Rizwanur case: SC refuses to stall Todi trial
Times of India, India - 3 hours ago
NEW DELHI: The Supreme Court has refused to stall the trial of
industrialist Ashok Todi in a Kolkata metropolitan court for his
alleged role in abetting his ...


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Kolkata - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Calcutta Telegraph CISF man calls pilot ‘driver’, spat hits flights in
Kolkata - 23 Sep 2008

Kolkata, September 23 Air India flights here are likely to be affected
from Wednesday as members of the Indian Commercial Pilots’ Association
(ICPA) on ...

Indian Express - 29 related articles »
Explosives filled bag found in Kolkata - Economic Times - 29 related
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Symonds to face Knight Riders in practice games - CricInfo.com - 45
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Nainital's martial art player too poor to buy a ticket to South Africa
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Nainital women giving Chinese goods a fight
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Rediff Sukriti Khandpal
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NRI quota: Fresh admission ordered in Uttarakhand
Expressindia.com, India - 5 Sep 2008
Nainital, September 5: The Uttarakhand High Court on Friday directed
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Deplorable condition of Charbagh platforms raised
Times of India, India - 29 Aug 2008
The users demanded a train between Hardoi and Nainital as there is no
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officials, ...
Mangalore: Railway Protection Force Employee Ends Life Daijiworld.com
all 2 news articles »
Man walks for 21 yrs to spread message of 'universal goodness'
Press Trust of India, India - 23 Sep 2008
Gupta said he meets his family members regularly in Bharatpuri, Ram
Nagar, Nainital, Uttarakhand. "But whenever I break my walking to go
back to my family ...
Doon Valley schools under BJP scanner
Chandigarh Tribune, India - 10 Sep 2008
There are a large number of prestigious private schools in Dehradun,
Mussoorie and Nainital. Doon School, Welham, St. George’s , St.
Joseph, Wynberg Allen ...BOM:531226
...Hello Pantnagar?
Trading Markets (press release), CA - 19 hours ago
25--DEHRADUN/NAINITAL -- Will West Bengal's loss be Uttarakhand's
gain? There's a buzz in the Pantnagar plant of Tata Motors that
equipment from Singur is ...BOM:500570 - OTC:CMTX
Chennai's stellar connection
Sify, India - 4 hours ago
... Group (GONG) and the Aryabhatta Research Institute of
Observational Sciences (ARIES) in Nainital are among the prominent
observatories in the country. ...
Major Som Nath Sharma: The Bravest Of The Brave-Part II., By Rav Gill
South Asian Link, Canada - 22 Sep 2008
He did his schooling from prestigious Sherwood College, Nainital,
before enrolling at the Prince of Wales Royal Military College in
Dehra Dun and later ...