Man On The Edge Korean Movie
Eleanor Heidecker
The primary purpose of the present study is therefore to explore kinematic characteristics of articulation of bisyllabic words (CV.CV and CV.CVC) in relation to PBL in Seoul Korean, so that it adds to the body of cross-linguistic studies on kinematic characteristics of articulation at prosodic junctures. The obtained results will allow us to explore to what extent the kinematic characteristics associated with PBL show a general cross-linguistic tendency versus language-specificity of Korean. We will discuss the results with some theoretical considerations as below.
The first consideration concerns the scope of PBL (i.e., the extent to which PBL in Korean can spread to the left of the final syllable in bisyllabic words). The scope of PBL may be language-specifically determined, but it is also known to be influenced by factors related to the lexical prominence of the language (e.g., Turk & Shattuck-Hufnagel, 2007; Katsika, 2016; Seo et al., 2019). For example, prominence arising with lexical stress may attract PBL toward a non-final syllable in a head-prominence language like English or Greek, though the exact scope of PBL may differ between the two languages (Katsika, 2016). In an articulatory study, Jang and Katsika (2020) also explored this scope-related question in Seoul Korean (i.e., to what extent PBL may spread to the left into non-final syllables) by examining constriction formation duration and release duration of the consonantal gestures of polysyllabic words at prosodic boundaries in Korean. Their results showed that PBL was largest in magnitude for the final coda consonant, and it was substantially attenuated for the onset consonant of the final syllable, showing a general progressive effect (i.e., progressively decreasing from the right edge). They, however, showed no further evidence on the leftward spreading of PBL beyond the onset of the final syllable, while there was some degree of shortening of consonantal gestures of the penultimate syllable. They also demonstrated that the presence of narrow focus either on the preceding word or on the target word did not influence the leftward spreading (scope) of PBL, showing an independence of PBL from the focus-related prominence.
Second, the present study includes other kinematic measures such as displacement and movement (peak) velocity, as well as time-to-peak velocity (acceleration duration), and investigates how PBL may be related to variation in these kinematic measures. Examining these measures is particularly important to understand the nature of articulatory strengthening (hyperarticulation) in both spatial and temporal dimensions that occurs at the right edge in Korean as an edge-prominence language. Moreover, understanding the relationship between kinematic measures will allow us to consider the kinematic characteristics of predoundary articulation in dynamical terms (Byrd et al., 2000; Cho, 2006; Mcke & Grice, 2014). For example, while PBL may be expected to be associated with a lowered movement velocity (as PBL is often assumed to be caused by a slowing down of articulatory movements), the opposite may be true if PBL turns out to be accompanied by substantial spatial expansion which may cause an increase in movement velocity due to the natural propensity of high correlation between displacement and movement velocity (Munhall, Ostry, & Parush, 1985; Ostry & Munhall, 1985).
The preceding segmental context was controlled so that an /ɛ/-final word was used before a test word. In the closed syllable condition (CV.CVC), given that the final coda consonant of the test word was bilabial, the word in the following context was either /sa/-initial (when the preceding syllable had /i/) or /si/-initial (when the preceding syllable had /a/) to obtain an alternating vowel sequence. Note that we used a fricative /s/ as the onset of the following word to identify the end of the closure duration of the preceding coda consonant (/p/, /m/), especially in the IP-medial condition. In the open syllable condition (CV.CV), the word in the following context was either /pi/-initial (after an /a/-final test word) or /pa/-initial (after an /i/-final test word), to make the post-vocalic consonantal context comparable between the open and closed syllables.
IP-medial conditions were established by grouping the test word and the following word with no space in between, forming a noun phrase likely as a noun-noun compound (e.g., /mima pinu/ or /mimam satʰaŋ/). In our informal preliminary testing, speakers generally did not introduce a major phrase boundary between the two nouns once they understood the meaning of the noun phrase. Nevertheless, to facilitate the grouping and ensure consistent phrase-medial conditions across all speakers, we employed the strategy of putting no space between the two nouns. The prosodic boundary between the two nouns that may form a compound may not be considered a prosodic word boundary, although the size of such a boundary in this non-lexicalized compound may be possibly larger than the one in a lexicalized one. In other words, this IP-medial condition aligns with a lexical word boundary, though it may not be parsed as a prosodic word boundary.
A total of 1,152 tokens were collected (8 words 2 boundary conditions 2 Info-Structure conditions 4 repetitions 9 speakers). Due to measurement-related errors (e.g., uncertainty of pinpointing kinematic landmarks), five tokens were discarded in all analyses and 24 additional tokens were discarded in the time-to-peak velocity analysis.
Speaker variation in the choice of boundary tones can also be summarized as below. Notably, while there were some individual variations in choosing different boundary tones, some consistency was also observed. In particular, seven speakers (out of nine) produced a falling tone (HL%) quite consistently, which was the most frequent boundary tone.
The movement data for lip closing and opening were obtained from the Euclidean distance of the two sensors on the upper and lower lips (i.e., Lip Aperture). Duration (DUR), time-to-peak velocity (T-to-PKVEL), peak velocity (PKVEL), and displacement (DISP) were obtained using Mview (Tiede, 2005; cf., Cho, Son, & Kim, 2016). See Figure 3 in the results section for schematized measures. The onset and target of the gesture were defined as time points at 20% of PKVEL (mm/s) during acceleration (for the onset) and deceleration (for the target). DUR (in ms) was measured from the onset of the gesture under investigation to the onset of the following gesture (including the plateau).4 Time-to-PKVEL (in ms) was measured from the onset to the attainment of peak velocity, which is roughly the same as acceleration duration. This durational measure is considered to reflect the temporal control of the clock-slowing rate by the pi-gesture (or the gestural stiffness as a dynamical parameter) more accurately than the entire movement duration because the second component of the gesture after the peak velocity attainment (roughly the same as the deceleration duration) is subject to truncation due to an earlier activation of the following gesture (Byrd & Saltzman, 2003). DISP (in mm) was the spatial change (in Lip Aperture) from the onset to the target.
Effects of Boundary. The bar graphs show raw mean values with the error bars representing standard errors of the mean. Δ values and %-increase values in the line graphs show the mean increase from IP-medial to IP-final. The significance notations (*
With regards to the examination of spatio-temporal change in Lip Aperture for CV.CV(C) words, a theoretically-related caveat is in order. Given that all the consonants are bilabial, the lip closing movement is directly relevant to the consonantal gesture. But as for the lip opening movement, one could assume that it is related to the vowel since it is aligned with the opening of the vocal tract (which is also proximally aligned with the onset of the vowel in the acoustic dimension). But in the framework of Articulatory Phonology, some researchers suggested that a consonant could be modeled as having two gestural components (i.e., the closing gesture and the release gesture, as proposed in the split-gesture dynamics model by Nam, 2007), suggesting that the opening movement may be associated with the consonantal gesture. (But see Iskarous & Pouplier, 2022 for comments on possible theoretical issues related to the split-gesture dynamics model.) However, even in a split-gesture model, once the consonantal closure is released as specified by the consonantal release gesture, the lip opening movement continues beyond an assumed equilibrium position, in correlation with the vocalic movement. This continuation may be in part due to the influence of jaw movement, which accompanies tongue movement and affects lip opening. Consequently, the continued lip opening movement after the release gesture can no longer be attributed solely to the activation of the consonantal release gesture. It is therefore plausible that the later part of the lip opening movement into the vowel is constrained by the vocalic gesture and could possibly be seen as a proxy for the vocalic gesture. Taking all of this into consideration, we suggest that lip closing and opening movements are related to CV articulation, though the precise modeling of the relationship between the lip opening gesture and the vocalic gesture in dynamical terms remains to be explored. It is also worth noting that Jang and Katsika (2020) examined the consonantal closing and opening movements to assess PBL effects.
When separated by an IP-final boundary, the constriction may eventually be released, but the timing and displacement of the release, as it is not specified, vary significantly. This release may be initiated by a tendency to return to a rest position before starting a new IP or in preparation for the articulation of the following word. In fact, our kinematic data indicate that the release of the coda in the IP condition is extremely variable, such that it is often delayed until the beginning of the new IP, even in the presence of some pause in both oral and nasal stop conditions. Thus, in practice, we could not reliably measure the release component of the coda consonant, and in theory, we assumed that the release component under consideration was not part of the gestural component being specified. For these reasons, we considered the closing component of the gesture (rather than the release component) as the last measurable articulatory component of the final C in CV.CVC.
c80f0f1006