Erase Mac Os High Sierra
Rivka Licklider
If you plan to give away, sell, or trade in your Mac, the first thing you should do for security and practical reasons is erase the data on it and perform a factory reset. This article shows you how. If yours is an Apple silicon Mac running macOS Monterey or later or an Intel Mac with the Apple T2 Security Chip (2017-2020 models), follow the steps to erase all content and settings instead of following the steps in this article.
Before you do anything, you should back up the files on your Mac. You could do this manually by copying across files onto an external drive. If you use iCloud, your photos, mail, contacts, documents, and so on should be automatically backed up in cloud storage.
However, we highly recommend that you take the time to perform a Time Machine backup of your system using an external drive. That way, the same backup volume can be used by Apple's Migration Assistant during a macOS installation to quickly transfer your applications, files and settings from the old Mac to a new one.
There are certain apps that will need to be manually unlinked from your Mac before you say goodbye to it. Some third-party apps require licenses that only work on a limited number of computers, so think about any licenses you may have purchased.
Similarly, you should de-authorize your iTunes account on the Mac, as this removes its access to content that you bought from the iTunes Store, iBooks Store, or App Store, including things like music, movies, TV shows, apps, and books.
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The cdrw command provides the ability to create data and audio CDs.This command also provides the ability to extract audio tracks from anaudio CD and to create data DVDs. The CD or DVD devicemust be MMC-compliant to create a CD or DVD with the cdrwcommand.
cdrw searches for a CD or DVD writer connected to the system,unless you specify a device with the -d option. If cdrw findsa single such device, it uses that device as the default CDor DVD writer for the command.
When more than one CD or DVD writer is connected to thesystem, use the -d option to indicate which device is desired. Thedevice name can be specified in one of the following ways: /dev/rdsk/cNtNdNsN,cNtNdNsN, cNtNdN, or a name used by volume manager, such as cdromor cdrom1. Using the -l option provides a list of CD orDVD writers.
When creating data CDs, cdrw uses the Track-At-Once mode of writing. Usethe -i option to specify a file that contains the data towrite on CD media. If you don't specify this option, cdrw readsdata from standard input.
In either case, the data is typically prepared by using the mkisofscommand to convert the file and file information into the High Sierraformat used on CDs. See the examples that include use of thiscommand.
cdrw can create single-session data DVDs on DVD+RW or DVD-RW devices usingimages generated from mkisofs. These disks can be mounted as HSFS filesystems. When making data DVDs, cdrw uses Disk-At-Once (DAO) mode of writing,which closes the media when writing is completed and prevents any further sessionsfrom being added. The image should be prepared in advance when writingan image to the DVD media since DAO mode requires that thesize of the image be known in advance.
If no audio format is specified, cdrw tries to identify the audiofile format based on the file extension. The case of the charactersin the extension is ignored. If a format is specified using the-T option, it is assumed to be the audio file type for allthe files specified. Also, using the -c option closes the session afterwriting the audio tracks. Therefore, the tracks to be written should bespecified in a single command line.
cdrw can also be used for extracting audio data from an audioCD with the -x option. The CD should have tracks in RedBook CDDA form. By default, the output format is based on thefile extension. A user can specify a sun, wav, cda, or auroutput format with the -T option.
cdrw can be used to copy single session data CD-ROMs and RedBook audio CDs. When copying a CD, cdrw looks for a specifiedsource device. If no source device is specified when using the -coption, the current CD writer is assumed to be the source. cdrw extractsthe track or tracks into a temporary file and looks for ablank writable CD-R/RW media in the current CD writer. If no mediais found, insert a blank writable CD media in the current CDwriter. If the default temporary directory does not have enough space, an alternatedirectory can be specified by using the -m option.
If the session erasing type is used, cdrw erases the last session.If there is only one session recorded on the CD-RW (for example,a data or audio CD-RW created by this tool), then session erasingonly erases the portion that is recorded, leaving behind a blank disk. Thisis faster than erasing the entire media. For DVD media, using the-b session erases the whole media.
The fast erasing type minimally erases the entire media by removing thePMA and TOC of the first session. It does not erase theuser data and subsequent tracks on the media, but the media istreated as if it were a blank disk. If a complete erase isof the media is necessary, use the all option.
The all erasing type should be used if it is a multisessiondisk, the last session is not closed, or disk status is unknown,and you want to erase the disk. With this type of erasing,cdrw erases the entire disk.
You can list a system's CD or DVD writers by using the-l option. Also, for a particular media, you can get the blankingstatus and table of contents by using the -M option. The -Moption also prints information about the last session's start address and the nextwritable address. This information, along with the -O option, can be usedto create multisession CDs. Refer to the mkisofs(8) man page, (/usr/share/man/man8/mkisofs.8), in theSUNWfsman package for more information.
Copies a CD. If no other argument is specified, the default CD writing device is assumed to be the source device as well. In this case, the copy operation reads the source media into a temporary directory and prompts you to place a blank media into the drive for the copy operation to proceed.
Specifies the image file for creating data CDs or DVDs. The file size should be less than what can be written on the media. Also, consider having the file locally available instead of having the file on an NFS-mounted file system. The CD writing process expects data to be available continuously without interruptions.
Uses an alternate temporary directory instead of the default temporary directory for storing track data while copying a CD or DVD. An alternate temporary directory might be required because the amount of data on a CD can be huge. For example, the amount of data can be as much as 800 Mbytes for an 80 minute audio CD and 4.7 Gbytes for a DVD. The default temporary directory might not have that much space available.
Reports media status. cdrw reports if the media is blank or not, its table of contents, the last session's start address, and the next writable address if the disk is open. DVD+RW does not support erasing and always has some content on the media.
Sets the CD writing speed. For example, -p 4 sets the speed to 4X. If this option is not specified, cdrw uses the default speed of the CD writer. If this option is specified, cdrw tries to set the drive write speed to this value, but there is no guarantee of the actual speed that is used by the drive.
Simulation mode. In this mode, cdrw operates with the drive laser turned off, so nothing is written to the media. Use this option to verify if the system can provide data at a rate good enough for CD writing.
Before writing a CD, ensure that the media is blank by usingthe -M option. You can use the -S simulation mode to testthe system to make sure it can provide data at the requiredrate. cdrw turns on buffer underrun protection for drives that support it andrecovers from most stalls. If the system is not able to providedata at a constant rate or frequent stalling occurs, you can lowerthe speed by using the -p option. You can also try torun cdrw at a higher priority by using the priocntl(1) command.
If you know that the CD-R/RW drive can operate at different writespeeds, use the -p option. Some commercially available drives handle the drivespeed setting command differently, so use this option judiciously.
The cdrw command uses rbac(5) to control user access to the devices.By default, cdrw is accessible to all users but can be restricted toindividual users. Refer to the Oracle Solaris 11.1 Administration: Devices and File Systems for more information.
To burn CDs as a non-root user hal must be enabled andthe user must be on the console. hal, that is the svc:/system/halSMF service, is enabled by default, therefore, typically this requires no specialaction.
The user must be logged onto the console. /dev/console is also correct.Previously, users could log in remotely, for example, by using telnet orssh, and be able to burn CDs. This would work unless theadministrator had changed the default configuration to deny solaris.device.cdrw authorization. See policy.conf(4).
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