#366 Teaching True Logic in High School// Logic textbook by Archimedes Plutonium

[Archimedes Plutonium]

#366 Teaching True Logic in High School// Logic textbook 

by Archimedes Plutonium

Preface:

Cover Picture:

-------------------------------

Table of Contents

-------------------------------

--------

Text

---------

Around 2016, I have been insisting that every student wanting to become a scientist, engineer, or teacher of science to have to take mandatorily 2 years of Logic in College or University to get a degree in science or engineering, to help them think straight and think clearly.

Writing these 4 textbooks on Logic has been my most challenging writing of all the 366 books so far written. Part of that difficulty is due to the fact that logic before AP had all 4 of the simple connectors of Logic all wrong and full of errors. So I have to start from scratch to tell what true logic is. But another component of that difficulty is the fact that writing a logic textbook has to be written logically, much like a proof in mathematics is a step by step revealing of the truth. 

I started writing science books beginning 2019 and average about 1 book per week. But these 4 logic textbooks alone consumed a year of my time and no end in sight of completion. And just when I thought I was near the end in January 2026, up pops this OR connector riddle that forces me to rewrite all over again.

Patience, patience and I will get to the end.

Since about 2016 I have been pleading that colleges and universities across the globe force science and engineering students to take 2 years of college Logic before they earn their degree in science and engineering, to help them think straight and think clearly. I am reasonably sure that colleges and universities will take me up on that plea. And in that regard, I write this Logic textbook for High School. Some countries across the globe have a different name for High School-- England and Australia call it "Form". Whatever it is called, schooling before going to college or university is what this textbook is designed for.

Tracing back into my own personal history. I do not know when the first time I heard of the word "Logic". I do recall, vividly, a TV series that was science fiction and a rage at the time of Star Trek in the 1960s. And Dr. Spock the Science officer and Logic officer. Spock said "Logic is the beginning of wisdom, not the end of it".

To be logical, meant being "smart". To be illogical, meant being dumb.

i write this book of Logic for a textbook in High School, to those students who know they want to be a scientist, a doctor, or engineer to help them navigate the world by better thinking straight and thinking clearly.

Good luck.

AP

#366 Teaching True Logic in High School// Logic textbook by Archimedes Plutonium

[Archimedes Plutonium]

Alright, I am going to write this book first, so that its chapter outline will instruct me on writing the college textbooks of Logic.

I was taken aback this past week, when I discovered that the OR connector really cannot handle a truth table of this.

P     Q        P OR Q  

T      T            F

T      F            T

F      T            T

F      F            F

But had to modify drastically to this where truth and falsity has a Range of values. Where truth T has a value of 1, and false has a value of 0, but you can have truth values between 0 and 1, and those variable values need to show up in OR truth table.

P     Q        P OR Q  where dT stands for a statement that has a partial truth

T      T            F

T      dT            T

dT      T            T

F      F            F

Example: P = The Sun is a star. Is a true statement with value 1. Q = The Sun is a planet. Is a false statement with value 0.

R = The Sun is a blue star. Is a statement that has a fractional truth value, for the Sun is a star but it is not a blue star. So we say the truth value of R is intermediate between 0 and 1 and give it a truth value of 0.25.

The greatest use of OR in logic is to evaluate DECIDING EXPERIMENTS of Physics. Is the Light-photon a Light Wave or as AP thinks, a Light Wire. 

So in Logic we have the statement Either the Light-Photon is a Light-Wave, OR, it is a Light-Wire. From there, that argument proceeds and one of them will win, the other will lose. Both have a truth value greater than 0.

AP, King of Science

[Archimedes Plutonium]

Chapters of this book, Logic for High School.

1) What is Science

2) Logic is the Science of Ideas

3) Logic is the "Scientific Method"

4) Math also is Science a precision tool for Physics

5) Modeling Logic after Math in order to understand Logic better

6) What is truth and falsehood and partial-truth

AP

[Archimedes Plutonium]

A logic textbook is the very hardest science book to write. I should know, finding out from experience, for now I start over again all 4 my of logic textbooks.

On Thursday, January 8, 2026 at 4:49:42 PM UTC-6 Archimedes Plutonium wrote:

Chapters of this book, Logic for High School.

1) What is Science

2) Logic is the Science of Ideas

3) Logic is the "Scientific Method"

4) Math is the science of numbers and algebra and geometry figures 

5) Math also is Science a precision tool for Physics

6) Modeling Logic after Math in order to understand Logic better

7) What is truth and falsehood and partial-truth

Fortuitously, I am helped by a recent report out of England of the very first evidence of Neanderthals, some 400,000 years ago used flint and iron pyrite to make fires.

It is safe to say that Science starts in history here, 400,000 years ago, as the Experiment that keeps making fire.

AP 

[Archimedes Plutonium]

Question:: Iron pyrite struck by flint as in the BBC show, showing sparks flying everywhere, just profuse sparks flying everywhere.

My question is, is that a demonstration of the Faraday law??? Does the Faraday law have any role in sparks flying when flint strikes iron pyrite??????

AP, King of Science

[Archimedes Plutonium]

What is Science????

Feynman in his Lectures on Physics, 1963, on page 1-1 defines it as "The test of all knowledge is experiment."

I am going to add more to that.

AP

[Archimedes Plutonium]

On Thursday, January 8, 2026 at 8:47:56 PM UTC-6 Archimedes Plutonium wrote:

What is Science????

Feynman in his Lectures on Physics, 1963, on page 1-1 defines it as "The test of all knowledge is experiment."

Let me fill in more of Feynman's definition of "Science" for it is a good one. Far better than the mish-mesh cacophony ignorance that Wikipedia says of science, for Wikipedia science entries are mostly written by failures of science attempting to redeem themselves by writing science entries. For 95% of science, math, logic entries in Wikipedia is trash.

--- quoting Feynman, Lectures on Physics, 1963, page 1-1 ---

The test of all knowledge is experiment. Experiment is the sole judge of scientific "truth". But what is the source of knowledge? Where do the laws that are to be tested come from? Experiment, itself, helps to produce these laws, in the sense that it gives us hints. But also needed is imagination to create from these hints the great generalizations---- to guess at the wonderful, simple, but very strange patterns beneath them all, and to experiment to check again whether we have made the right guess.

--- end quoting Feynman, Lectures on Physics, 1963, page 1-1 ---

AP writes:: In a sense, Feynman defines "What is science?" and in that paragraph, he outlines what is called in science, the "Scientific Method". We explore the Scientific Method in the next chapter. There is little to improve on Feynman's definition of science, except for the idea of Superdeterminism of an Atom Totality. Where all ideas are fated to happen when they do happen, no free will in the world, hence, no guessing.

1) What is Science

2) Logic is the "Scientific Method"

3) Logic is the Science of Ideas 

4) Math is the science of numbers with algebra and geometry figures 

5) Math also is Science a precision tool for Physics

6) Modeling Logic after Math in order to understand Logic better

7) What is truth and falsehood and partial-truth

AP

 

[Archimedes Plutonium]

2) Logic is the Scientific Method.

Scientific method from NOAA

Step 1: Wonder

Observe something and wonder what is happening or why or how it happens. Ask a question or make a statement that can be tested by an experiment. This statement is called a hypothesis and defines the purpose of your experiment.
 

Step 2: Define

Define your variables (parts of your experiment that will change) and your controls (parts of your experiment that will not change).


Step 3: Review

Find out everything you can about what people have already said or written about the subject. Even if someone else has already done an experiment and reported results, you can still repeat their experiment or devise one of your own to verify (or refute) the results of the previous experimenter.

Step 4: Design

Design an experiment to test the hypothesis.

Make a step-by-step list of what you are going to do.

Step 5: Experiment

Do the experiment and carefully record the data.

Step 6: Analyze

Process and analyze your data. Do any calculations needed or draw graphs to help you make sense of the data.

Step 7: Conclude

Draw conclusions and write a report.

Did the data you collected support your hypothesis or not? Is there any reason to think there might be errors in your results? If the data did not support your hypothesis, what are some other hypotheses you might test to explain your initial observations? What further research could you or someone else do to verify your results?

From NASA
1. Form a hypothesis (a statement that an experiment can test)
2.Make observations (conduct experiments and gather data)
3. Analyze and interpret the data
4. Draw conclusions
5. Publish results that can be validated with further experiments 

--- source from Internet ---
Step 1-- Make observations and ask many questions.

Step 2-- Research the subject matter and Review the literature on the subject.

Step 3-- Formulate a Hypothesis of what you think is going on.

Step 4-- Conduct Experiments pertaining to your hypothesis.

Step 5-- Collect data from the experiment/s and analyze the data.

Step 6-- Draw conclusions.

Step 7-- Publish the results.

Alright, I am going to try to find a appropriate experiment to use the Scientific Method upon for High School.

AP

[Archimedes Plutonium]

On Friday, January 9, 2026 at 4:03:31 AM UTC-6 Archimedes Plutonium wrote:

(snipped)

Alright, I am going to try to find a appropriate experiment to use the Scientific Method upon for High School.

1st Astronomy experiment: Observe the North Star and watch how the Big Dipper slowly rotates in the night sky. Focus on proving the Earth is Round and rotates on its axis.

2nd Astronomy experiment: Observe a few Blue Stars and Red Giant Stars and correlate their masses. Focus on whether stars shine from fusion or shine from Faraday law.

1st Biology experiment:  Try imitating Smilodon, the saber toothed tiger by placing two fingers of left or right hand on your canine teeth, while with your free hand, try eating something, like a banana or apple. Look at the ridiculousness of David Attenborough and the entire paleontology community in getting you to museums and having interest in science because they glued on walrus tusks to the upper jaw of a fossilized cat. Focus on the theory of Darwin evolution that saber teeth would get in the way and interfere with everything the cat wanted to do in life if it had those massive saber teeth.

2nd Biology experiment: The Pterosaur dinosaurs which supposedly flew in the air yet had large bills and long necks and some weighed as much as a giraffe, yet grown up scientists say they flew in the air. Focus on aeronautical engineering that weight limits the ability to fly, and that rather than fly, these animals used their appendages as sails to boat oar sail on top of water.

3rd Biology experiment: The reflection of light that points out Superdeterminism.

1st Physics experiment: Take a bunge cord fastened to fixed structure and see if you can get a sinusoid wave. Focus on whether physics has waves or rather, instead wires.

2nd Physics experiment: When Sun shines from Faraday law, not fusion, then global warming accelerates year after year. Investigate how acceleration of global warming points to Faraday law, not fusion for how the Sun and stars shine.

1st Chemistry experiment: Investigate H2 a molecule or a atom? All atoms require to have a neutron to store the energy of the muon thrusting through proton torus producing electric current in the Faraday law. So in H2, is one of the protons acting like a neutron and not a proton.

AP

[Archimedes Plutonium]

I am going to have to narrow this list down.

On Friday, January 9, 2026 at 6:02:04 PM UTC-6 Archimedes Plutonium wrote:

On Friday, January 9, 2026 at 4:03:31 AM UTC-6 Archimedes Plutonium wrote:

(snipped)

Alright, I am going to try to find a appropriate experiment to use the Scientific Method upon for High School.

1st Astronomy experiment: Observe the North Star and watch how the Big Dipper slowly rotates in the night sky. Focus on proving the Earth is Round and rotates on its axis.

The light pollution near cities is so bad that you cannot even see the constellations, so I may have to switch to the Moon.

 

2nd Astronomy experiment: Observe a few Blue Stars and Red Giant Stars and correlate their masses. Focus on whether stars shine from fusion or shine from Faraday law.

Here the student is going to have to find out how astronomers determine the mass of a distant star. That maybe too much.

 

1st Biology experiment:  Try imitating Smilodon, the saber toothed tiger by placing two fingers of left or right hand on your canine teeth, while with your free hand, try eating something, like a banana or apple. Look at the ridiculousness of David Attenborough and the entire paleontology community in getting you to museums and having interest in science because they glued on walrus tusks to the upper jaw of a fossilized cat. Focus on the theory of Darwin evolution that saber teeth would get in the way and interfere with everything the cat wanted to do in life if it had those massive saber teeth.

This is a good experiment, for biology has little math and easier for High School students to comprehend.

 

2nd Biology experiment: The Pterosaur dinosaurs which supposedly flew in the air yet had large bills and long necks and some weighed as much as a giraffe, yet grown up scientists say they flew in the air. Focus on aeronautical engineering that weight limits the ability to fly, and that rather than fly, these animals used their appendages as sails to boat oar sail on top of water.

This is a good experiment. Too much of paleontology is con-art anti-science.

 

3rd Biology experiment: The reflection of light that points out Superdeterminism.

This is a nice experiment and would have the student dive into what is called Quantum Entanglement and the famous engineer John Bell who proved Einstein was wrong.

 

1st Physics experiment: Take a bunge cord fastened to fixed structure and see if you can get a sinusoid wave. Focus on whether physics has waves or rather, instead wires.

I myself am doing this experiment, in showing that the Sinusoid wave is nonexistent and only appears on screens of appliances but not in physical reality. And where Light is not a wave but rather a Wire. 

2nd Physics experiment: When Sun shines from Faraday law, not fusion, then global warming accelerates year after year. Investigate how acceleration of global warming points to Faraday law, not fusion for how the Sun and stars shine.

This is a good experiment for High School students for the most part are charged up about the climate and their future. 

1st Chemistry experiment: Investigate H2 a molecule or a atom? All atoms require to have a neutron to store the energy of the muon thrusting through proton torus producing electric current in the Faraday law. So in H2, is one of the protons acting like a neutron and not a proton.

No, I better drop this chemistry experiment as too detailed in water electrolysis as a proof. Students in college can tackle this problem, not High School.

AP 

[Archimedes Plutonium]

1st Astronomy experiment: Observe the North Star and watch how the Big Dipper slowly rotates in the night sky. Focus on proving the Earth is Round and rotates on its axis.

The light pollution near cities is so bad that you cannot even see the constellations, so I may have to switch to the Moon.

I have been working on astronomy in my Advanced Logic textbook, proving Earth is round, not flat. And proving Earth revolves around Sun and not the other way of geocentric system.

Of course when sailors sailed around Earth is demonstrable proof Earth is Round.

But, and however, the proof that Earth goes around the Sun, and not that Sun goes around Earth is best proved by what??? Is the Venus observations the best proof.

I am thinking we can make One Logical Argument that proves Earth is Round, and it spins on its axis with a tilt, and it goes around the Sun, not vice versa. All proven by the idea of the size of the Sun and its distance away from us and the speed of Sun and Earth in space.

I am saying speed and distance alone should prove these items. Only the proof is a Occam's Razor of easiest explanation is the true explanation.

1) Earth is Round

2) Earth spins on a tilted axis

3) Earth goes around Sun, not vice versa

AP 

[Archimedes Plutonium]

Alright I better move along here. The chapters will be short and simple

6) What is truth and falsehood and partial-truth

Here Logic takes a path never traveled before, where statements of ideas have partial truth value, not just all true or all false, but intermediate values. I was forced to do this because of the OR connector in solving for Deciding Experiments. Where two competing statements vye for the truth, one have some falsity about it, however slight.

I am working on one such problem of a Deciding Experiment now, involving whether the Light-Photon is a wave or rather, what I suspect a wire. But both have truth value but one has falsity contained within.

So the Truth table of OR connector needs partial truth values.

Here are some statements of ideas in Logic and let is decide on how much truth value they have. Where falsehood and chatterbox gibberish has a value of 0, and where all truth is valued at 1, while a statement with partial truth is give a fraction between 0 and 1.

A) Slant cut of cone is ellipse.

A') Slant cut of cone is oval.

B) Smilodon is a saber toothed tiger.

B') Smilodon is a normal cat with normal teeth but museums like gluing on walrus tusks to increase ticket sales.

C) Pterosaurs the size of a giraffe flew in the air.

C') Pterosaurs the size of a giraffe used its appendages to oar-row-boat-sail on the Cretaceous seas to catch fish.

D) Darwin Evolution is how species evolve.

D') Darwin Evolution is a rule, not a theory, for Superdeterminism is how species evolve.

E) Atoms have a nucleus of protons and neutrons.

E') Atoms have no nucleus, rather instead, they have a proton torus in the middle of the atom.

F) Convection currents cause Continental Drift.

F') Vibrations caused by the 2 cores of Earth cause Continental Drift.

G) Light Photons are sinusoidal waves.

G') Light Photons are wires, not waves.

H) Sun and stars shine from Faraday Law of every atom inside that star.

H') Sun and stars shine from fusion.

I) Global warming is caused by the Sun gone Red Giant phase.

I') Global warming is caused by the greenhouse gas effect from burning fossil fuels.

J) Russia taking over Ukraine will make Russia surpass USA as superpower.

J') Russia not taking over Ukraine keeps USA #1 superpower, China #2, and Russia #3.

Homework assignment: Read and ponder these above statements and assign a number value according to this.

1 for a statement that is all true.

0 for a statement that is all false.

A decimal fraction between 0 and 1 if the statement has some truth value.

Example:

K) Earth is Round and the Sun revolves around Earth.

K') Earth is Round and the Earth revolves around the Sun.

I would give K a 0.5 (which is 5/10 = 1/2) truth value because the Earth is Round not flat, but the Earth revolves around the Sun. I would give K' a value of 1 for it is all true. But some may want to argue that Earth is not completely Round but oblate and give it a 0.9 truth value.

The assignment of truth value is what you opine it is, based on the best science evidence available to you. 

AP

[Archimedes Plutonium]

Continuing....

7) The Existential quantifier

8) The 6 connectors of Logic resemble math 6 operators

9) The Not-Equal  connector

10) The AND connector

11) The OR connector

12) The IF-->Then connector

13) The Universal quantifier

AP

[Archimedes Plutonium]

7) The Existential quantifier

Logic is about ideas and whether the ideas are good or bad and determining if the ideas are good or bad. In arithmetic we play around with numbers, in logic we play around with ideas. And one of the first things we do with ideas when presented to us, is question on whether the objects in the idea have existence or simply fiction and have no existence.

Example: "Beware the Jabberwock, my son! The jaws that bite, the claws that catch! Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun. The frumious Bandersnatch!"

This is a famous Lewis Carroll poem. Fun to read and think about, but is just nonsense with no existence in object reality.

AP 

[Archimedes Plutonium]

On Friday, January 16, 2026 at 8:47:20 PM UTC-6 Archimedes Plutonium wrote:

7) The Existential quantifier

Logic is about ideas and whether the ideas are good or bad and determining if the ideas are good or bad. In arithmetic we play around with numbers, in logic we play around with ideas. And one of the first things we do with ideas when presented to us, is question on whether the objects in the idea have existence or simply fiction and have no existence.

Example: "Beware the Jabberwock, my son! The jaws that bite, the claws that catch! Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun the frumious Bandersnatch!"

This is a famous Lewis Carroll poem. Fun to read and think about, but is just nonsense with no existence in object reality.

Example: All drama TV shows are acting and a form of entertainment but not existing in reality. And woe to those who think they can form good ideas based on watching a TV drama show.

Example: All fiction and science fiction books, and woe to those who think they can form good ideas based on ideas in fiction novels.

Example: Did the Saber tooth tiger exist or were they glued on walrus tusks to upper cat jaw?

Example: Is the slant cut of cone exist as a ellipse when a ellipse requires 2 axes of symmetry yet cone has only one.

Example: Did the Moon exist as a satellite of Earth when the dinosaurs lived on both Antarctica and the Arctic circle?

Example: Can you have a black hole or the Big Bang come into existence when you have a Pauli Exclusion Principle of physics?

Example: Can you have Reals as numbers in math (Reals as a continuum) exist when physics in 1900 says all of physics is discrete with quantum mechanics. Both cannot be correct, and one is hugely mistaken.

Example: Can Light be a Wave when waves require a medium to exist for the "wave to wave in", and yet Space has no medium?

The start of Logical thought often starts with the question of does this idea exist in reality or is it imagination run amok?

Really, not much use in spending a-lot of time on nonsense or fiction.

Does the object in the idea have Existence or is it Not- Existing, nonexistence. This leads us into the next operator of Logic which is Not-Equal. Not combined with Equal.

AP

[Archimedes Plutonium]

Let me not forget this important example of Infinity Borderline.

Example: Can you even have a concept of finite versus infinity without a concept of a borderline between the two??