Thestory of the binding of Isaac (Genesis 22) has always troubled me, and reading it again this year has been no different. It's disturbing, even angering, to see commentators talk about Abraham suspending his compassion for his son in order to pursue his perceived will of The Eternal, as if that were a meritorious action. In my opinion, it is not.
Pardon me for a moment of pop culture, but it reminds me of a scene from Batman Begins in which Bruce Wayne is asked to execute a man as part of his initiation into The League of Shadows. He shows a compassion that makes him hesitate to do what is asked of him. When told by his mentor that his compassion is a quality his enemies will not share, Bruce replies, "That's why it's so important. It separates us from them."
Compassion is an important quality, and yet Abraham seems all too willing to forgo that quality. He doesn't even argue with The Eternal, as he did when he learned that Sodom was to be destroyed. Instead, he quietly and willingly sets about to comply with the command.
A God who asks us what the text appears to ask is not the true God but one whom we fashion in our own image. We often believe that God wants us to sacrifice our children to an imagined demand. But then it is not God who is cruel, but we; it is we who all too frequently are prepared to immolate our offspring to satisfy our own concept of duty and who will restrain our compassion before our own sense of righteousness. The history of humanity is replete with misdeeds committed in the name of religion.
What is the overarching theme of Abraham's story? He's a rebel. He's a monotheist in a world of polytheists. He fights a battle and returns the spoils of war to Sodom, a city known for being inhospitable, when he would have had every right to keep them. He argues with The Eternal to ensure that righteous people are not destroyed when judgement falls on Sodom. All this doesn't jibe with him killing his own son just because The Eternal told him to.
What if the story, instead, is a metaphor? What if, instead of being about obedience to The Eternal, it is really about the dangers of religious fanaticism? What if, instead of The Eternal testing Abraham, Abraham is testing The Eternal?
There are a couple of ways to look at it. One way is to take The Eternal stopping Abraham not as an external vision as portrayed in the text, but rather an internal triumph of human compassion over a fanatical zeal that could lead a person to do violence in the name of God. This, in and of itself, would be a rebellious notion in an age when human sacrifice was not unheard of.
But perhaps even more rebellious is the idea that Abraham was testing The Eternal, calling The Eternal's bluff. Abraham has already called The Eternal to the carpet once, challenging God as the Judge of all the earth to do justly. What's to keep Abraham from doing it in this instance as well?
This would explain the silence, as well as the language of the text where Abraham indicated to the servants that both he and Isaac would return, and later to Isaac when he said that God would provide the ram for the offering. For the Judge of all the earth to do justly, the Eternal could not let Abraham kill his own son. If Abraham knew this, he could have been seeing how far things would go, but with no intention to actually go through with the sacrifice. And if The Eternal had not stopped him, Abraham himself would have stopped it and probably would have had another little chat with God about doing the right thing.
The Akedah (ah-kay-DAH), or binding of Isaac, is one of the most powerful narratives in the Hebrew Bible. For nearly 2,000 years, however, it has been read somewhat differently by Jews and Christians. It is even portrayed differently in the pictures they make. For most Christians, the Hebrew word akedah is unfamiliar; more often than not, they will refer to the episode as the sacrifice of Isaac rather than the binding of Isaac.
The two most significant Jewish depictions of the Akedah are in ancient synagogues, one in the third-century synagogue at Dura-Europos in modern Syria, where it is portrayed in a painting on dry plaster above the Torah niche, and the other in the sixth-century synagogue at Beth Alpha in Israel, where it is portrayed in a mosaic pavement.
In the Dura-Europos synagogue, the Akedah scene shares the special panel above the Torah niche with a depiction of the Temple, as well as specifically Jewish symbols, including a menorah and a palm branch (lulav) and citron (Etrog) (both used on the festival of Sukkot).
In the Priscilla catacomb fresco in Rome Isaac carries his own firewood. Is this because the artist has been influenced by Christian writers like Tertullian, who stressed the parallel between Isaac carrying the wood and Jesus carrying the cross? Or is it that the artist was simply faithfully portraying what he read in the biblical text?
Sometimes Jewish and Christian depictions bear similarities, if only because they portray the same text. In almost all the Christian catacomb frescoes of the sacrifice of Isaac and in the Beth Alpha synagogue mosaic of the Akedah, fires burn on the altar. Is this a reference to the Levitical regulation about setting the fire on the altar first, or does it allude to the midrash that Isaac was not killed by the knife but by the fire?
Isacc was the son of Abrahm , Jesus was the son of God. Big difference! The Jewish people have always twisted the Biblical texts to suit themselves. A literal translation is more acceptable and complete,with out adding the unecessary confusion of a mortal mind.
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Photoaffinity probes are routinely utilized to identify proteins that interact with small molecules. However, despite this common usage, resolving the specific sites of these interactions remains a challenge. Here we developed a chemoproteomic workflow to determine precise protein binding sites of photoaffinity probes in cells. Deconvolution of features unique to probe-modified peptides, such as their tendency to produce chimeric spectra, facilitated the development of predictive models to confidently determine labeled sites. This yielded an expansive map of small-molecule binding sites on endogenous proteins and enabled the integration with multiplexed quantitation, increasing the throughput and dimensionality of experiments. Finally, using structural information, we characterized diverse binding sites across the proteome, providing direct evidence of their tractability to small molecules. Together, our findings reveal new knowledge for the analysis of photoaffinity probes and provide a robust method for high-resolution mapping of reversible small-molecule interactions en masse in native systems.
C.G.P. and J.M.W. conceived the project. J.M.W. and W.L. developed chemoproteomic methods and performed chemoproteomic experiments. J.M.W. developed the chemoproteomic analytical workflow with input from A.D. W.L. and L.-Y.C. performed gel-based and CETSA validation experiments. A.J. synthesized compounds. S.F. and P.G. performed molecular docking analyses. All authors contributed to data analysis and interpretation. C.G.P. and J.M.W. wrote the paper with input from all authors.
C.G.P. is a cofounder and scientific advisor to Belharra Therapeutics, a biotechnology company interested in using chemical proteomic methods to develop small-molecule therapeutics. The other authors declare no competing interests.
(a) ROC curves for predicting probe labeled peptides generated from MSFragger output (using a custom delta score = hyperscore - nextscore and retention time difference from unlabeled peptide of same length). (b) Overlap of unique probe-labeled peptides from Sequest and MSFragger searches.
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N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A) is the most abundant internal modification of nearly all eukaryotic mRNAs and has recently been reported to be recognized by the YTH domain family proteins. Here we present the crystal structures of the YTH domain of YTHDC1, a member of the YTH domain family, and its complex with an m(6)A-containing RNA. Our structural studies, together with transcriptome-wide identification of YTHDC1-binding sites and biochemical experiments, not only reveal the specific mode of m(6)A-YTH binding but also explain the preferential recognition of the GG(m(6)A)C sequences by YTHDC1.
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