I think ethylene is made by any cell when it is has less than enoough
root derived nutrients than needed for survival for both it and any
dependent cell (shoot cells are dependent on root cells for their water
and minerals - however shoot cells have no cells that are dependent on
them when it comes to water and minerals).
Ethylene is the signal that growth of a shoot oriented kind must stop
and in fact leaves must be pruned back and the resources sent to the
roots to make more of them.