Virtual Textbook Of Organic Chemistry
Karri Weston
The Chem1 Virtual Textbook is a free resource aimed mainly at the first-year university level. It offers a more comprehensive, organized, and measured approach than is found in most standard textbooks. Although directed mainly at the first-year college level,is is also helpful as review material for students in more advanced courses in chemistry, and in biology, geology, and engineering.
It is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.
Structure & BondingElectron Configurations of AtomsChemical Bonding & ValenceCharge Distribution in MoleculesPractice ProblemsThe Shape of MoleculesIsomersAnalysis of Molecular FormulasResonanceAtomic and Molecular OrbitalsPractice Problems
Chemical ReactivityReaction ClassificationBy Structural ChangeBy Reaction TypeAcid-Base ReactionsOxidations & ReductionsBy Functional GroupReaction VariablesReactants & ReagentsProduct SelectivityOther VariablesReaction RateIntermediatesReaction EnergeticsBond EnergyElectronic EffectsSteric Effects Solvent EffectsReaction MechanismsCurved Arrow NotationReactive IntermediatesReaction IllustrationsNucleophilicity & BasicityAcid-Base CatalysisPractice Problems
Stereoisomers Part IIChirality & SymmetrySymmetry ElementsEnantiomorphismOptical ActivityConfigurational NomenclatureCompounds with Several Stereogenic CentersStereogenic NitrogenFischer Projection FormulasAchiral DiastereomersOther Configurational NotationsResolutionConformational EnantiomorphismPractice Problems
The practice problems provided as part of this text are chiefly interactive, and should provide a useful assessment of the reader's understanding at various stages in the development of the subject. Some of these problems make use of a Molecular Editor drawing application created by Peter.Ertl. To practice using this editor Click Here.
Since problem solving is essential to achieving an effective mastery of the subject, it is recommended that many more problems be worked. Most organic chemistry textbooks contain a broad assortment of suitable problems, and paperback collections of practice problems are also available. In addition, a large collection of multiple choice problems may be viewed Here.
The following button will activate a collection of problems concerning the reactivity of common functional groups.
The following web-sites provide nice collections of problems and answers:
Towson University-reaction quizzes and summaries
Ohio State University-electronic flashcards
University of Wisconsin-concept questions
UCLA-helpful advice
Notre Dame-spectroscopy problems
AlkenesElectrophilic AdditionsStrong Brnsted AcidsLewis Acids (non-Proton Electrophiles)Electrophilic Halogen ReagentsOther Electrophilic ReagentsReductionOxidationRadical AdditionsAllylic SubstitutionPractice ProblemsDienesAddition ReactionsDiels-Alder CycloadditionPractice Problems
Alkyl HalidesOccurrenceGeneral ReactivitySubstitution(of X)SN2 MechanismSN1 MechanismElimination (of HX)Summary of Substitution vs. EliminationSubstitution by MetalsElimination Reactions of DihalidesPractice Problems
AlcoholsNomenclatureReactions of AlcoholsSubstitution of the Hydroxyl HSubstitution of the Hydroxyl GroupElimination of WaterOxidation of AlcoholsReactions of PhenolsAcidity of PhenolsRing Substitution of PhenolsOxidation to QuinonesPractice Problems
Benzene & DerivativesElectrophilic SubstitutionA Substitution MechanismReactions of Substituted BenzenesReaction CharacteristicsReactions of Disubstituted RingsReactions of Substituent GroupsNucleophilic Substitution, Elimination & Addition ReactionsPractice Problems
AminesNomenclature & StructureProperties of AminesBoiling Point & SolubilityBasicity of Nitrogen CompoundsAcidity of Nitrogen CompoundsImportant Reagent BasesReactions of AminesElectrophilic Substitution at NitrogenPreparation of 1-AminesPreparation of 2 & 3-AminesPractice ProblemsReactions with Nitrous AcidReactions of Aryl Diazonium IntermediatesElimination Reactions of AminesOxidation States of NitrogenPractice Problems
Aldehydes & KetonesNomenclature of Aldehydes & KetonesOccurrence of Aldehydes & KetonesNatural ProductsSynthetic PreparationProperties of Aldehydes & KetonesReversible Addition ReactionsHydration & Hemiacetal FormationAcetal FormationImine FormationEnamine FormationCyanohydrin FormationIrreversible Addition ReactionsComplex Metal HydridesOrganometallic ReagentsCarbonyl Group ModificationWolff-Kishner ReductionClemmensen ReductionHydrogenolysis of ThioacetalsOxidationsReactions at the α-CarbonMechanism of Electrophilic α-SubstitutionThe Aldol ReactionAmbident Enolate AnionsAlkylation of Enolate AnionsPractice Problems
Carboxylic AcidsNomenclature of Carboxylic AcidsNatural ProductsRelated DerivativesPhysical PropertiesAcidityPreparation of Carboxylic AcidsReactions of Carboxylic AcidsSalt FormationSubstitution of Hydroxyl HydrogenSubstitution of the Hydroxyl GroupReduction & OxidationPractice Problems
These pages are the property of William Reusch.
1999 William Reusch, The pages are licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. [creativecommons.org] (most recent revision 6/2010)
Comments, questions and errors shouldbe sent to whre...@msu.edu.
These pages are provided to the IOCD to assist in capacity building in chemical education. 05/05/2013
My expertise is in organic chemistry, broadly defined. Organic chemistry deals with molecules that take advantage of the strength of carbon-carbon bonds -- molecules like vitamin C, Vioxx, polystyrene, estrogen, DDT, etc. We will study the structures of these molecules, as well as the techniques used to determine those structures. We will then roll up our collective sleeves and delve into organic synthesis, the art of building molecules. The mechanisms by which molecules undergo reactions will be stresses; students will learn not only the what, but also the how and why. Organic chemistry requires three-dimensional thinking, attention to detail, and perseverance. It resists attempts at rote memorization and rewards creativity and openness to new ideas. It is the chemistry of life, and of our lives, and many of you are required to take it anyway, so perhaps this sales pitch is completely unnecessary.
I've taught the following classes at Lawrence:
- General Chemistry II (Chem 116)
- Organic Chemistry I (Chem 250) and II (Chem 252)
- Advanced Organic Chemistry (Chem 450)
- Strructure and Reactivity of Organometallic Compounds (Chem 425)
- Tutorial: Medicinal Chemistry
- Freshman Studies 100
Here at Lawrence, we pride ourselves on offering individualized education; if there's some topic you'd like to study in depth, I'd be happy to sit down with you and talk about designing a new tutorial with you.
If you're considering Lawrence, I'd be happy to talk with you about our chemistry program, our new NSF-funded nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer, the Freshman Studies program, the university as a whole, the city of Appleton, and my worries concerning the potential failures of Wisconsin's professional sports teams.
Your donation will support The Ithacan's student journalists in their effort to keep the Ithaca College and wider Ithaca community informed. Your contribution will allow us to purchase equipment and cover our annual website hosting costs.
Akademos partners with colleges across the country, including The City University of New York and the University of South Dakota, to turn their bookstores into online and hybrid stores. Akademos also works with thousands of publishers and content distributors, like McGraw Hill and Pearson. The platform has a price-match guarantee, meaning that if a student finds the book for less on another online retail site, the difference will be refunded.
The new system also allows faculty members to access a more in-depth search system. Faculty members can search textbooks by subject and emphasize lower-cost options for students, like open-source materials that range up to $20, Watson said.
Jack Bryant, associate professor and program director of the Department of Media Arts, Sciences and Studies, said that he places his textbook order with the campus store but purposely tries to choose textbooks that are less expensive for his students.
College students at four-year colleges and universities spend an estimated average of $1,200 on textbooks every year, according to the College Board. The college estimates that books and supplies will cost undergraduate students $1,000 per academic year. A CBS report from 2018 said that over the past 10 years, the average cost of textbooks has risen four times faster than the rate of inflation. While the virtual bookstore does provide students with more options, students like senior Jasmine Morrow, Class of 2021 senator for the Student Governance Council, continue to lament the cost of textbooks.
Outside the virtual bookstore, students frequently turn to other resources to procure their required textbooks. Websites like Chegg, VitalSource and Library Genesis are popular among students searching for cheaper, online versions of their textbooks.
Dr. Ludwig joined the chemistry department at Drexel in Winter 2021 as an Assistant Teaching Professor. Prior to joining the faculty at Drexel, she taught at UNC-Chapel Hill, Elon University and Rider University.
To encourage students to embrace organic chemistry and to make the subject more accessible to all, Dr. Ludwig is developing virtual textbook for students that is free of cost, user friendly, and engaging. This includes an extensive library of study guides, videos, worksheets and online quizzes to give students the opportunity to develop those important skills and move away from memorization.
Outside of Drexel, Dr. Ludwig has served as a science co-chair for the Young Leadership Council of the Basser Center for BRCA at Penn Medicine. This role allowed her to stay current on BRCA related research and to communicate the latest advances to the public.
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