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Marvi Slathia writes about her experiences of working with the 1947 Partition Archives. Her work of collecting memories and narratived of the partition of British India helped her realise the message of peace and harmony that the partition survivors continue to carry with themselves.
Being a Princely state, the Jammu and Kashmir was not divided along the lines of Bengal and Punjab in 1947. The state changed its political stance and joined the Indian Union after communal violence broke out in the month of October 1947. People fled across the borders on the basis of religion. I grew up hearing stories about Partition because my neighbourhood has a large number of POJK displaced people who migrated to Jammu in 1947. However, due to a lack of documentation, little is known about the magnitude of their pain and sufferings. It was in 2017 that I was chosen as a Story Scholar with the 1947 Partition Archive where I conducted interviews with survivors of the 1947 event in the region of Jammu. With the assistance of relatives and friends I search the people to learn how they remember the event after seven decades. One such interview took place with one of the tallest journalists from Jammu, India, and a founder member of National Conference, Om Parkash Saraf. Below, I am sharing an anecdote in his own words.
Some survivors, staying in various localities and towns of Jammu province, who had survived the massacre on both sides of the border, are still carrying the scars of the partition massacres with losses of their loved ones deeply etched in their memories.
After conversing with the survivors, I realized the greatness of these people as humans rising over religious divides. Despite having faced with tragedies in their lives, and losing majority of their worldly possessions and loved ones, these survivors did not bore malice, are bearers of peace and full of hope in their lives. These survivors are the true ambassadors of the cultural heritage of divided lands. They are spreading a message of optimism, togetherness, peace and love.
The long campaign for Indian independence, which had begun with the Indian Mutiny (1857-59), grew in intensity following the Second World War (1939-45). Indians increasingly expected self-government to be granted in return for their wartime contribution. But this was accompanied by serious inter-communal violence between Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims.
The new British government, elected in 1945, was determined to grant independence at long last, and hoped to leave behind some form of united India. But, despite repeated talks, the mainly Hindu Indian National Congress and the Muslim League could not reach an agreement on the shape of the new state.
In August of that year, six British battalions had to be deployed in Calcutta (now Kolkata). They took nearly a week to restore order. The violence quickly spread to Bombay (now Mumbai), Delhi and the Punjab.
Eventually, the British concluded that partition was the only answer. On 2 June 1947, the last Viceroy of India, Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten, announced that Britain had accepted that the country should be divided into a mainly Hindu India and a mainly Muslim Pakistan, encompassing the geographically separate territories of West Pakistan (now Pakistan) and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).
The 'Princely States of India', not directly ruled by the British, were given a choice of which country to join. Those states whose princes failed to join either country or chose a country at odds with their majority religion, such as Kashmir and Hyderabad, became the focus of bitter dispute.
In the weeks leading up to independence, responsibility for maintaining law and order was handed over to the Indian Army. This was a chiefly British-officered force, with other ranks recruited from across the subcontinent. As well as attempting to keep the peace, they helped administer referendums in the North-West Frontier Province and Assam.
Many British officers stayed on to assist in the transition, including General Sir Robert Lockhart, India's first Chief of Army Staff, and General Sir Frank Messervy, who became Pakistan's first Chief of Army Staff.
Following independence, British Army regiments were gradually withdrawn from the subcontinent. This included a well-planned and orderly withdrawal from Waziristan and other tribal regions of the North-West Frontier.
Almost immediately after independence, tensions between India and Pakistan began to boil over. The first of three full-scale wars between the two nations broke out over the princely state of Kashmir, where the Maharaja was reluctant to join either side.
Indian troops were airlifted into Srinagar and managed to repel the Pakistani invaders. A bitter war then raged across the state until a United Nations-sponsored ceasefire in 1948. Former comrades in the old Indian Army found themselves fighting each other.
This amateur footage captures scenes from an extraordinary exodus. Over the summer of 1947, millions of Muslims left their ancestral homelands for newly created Pakistan, while millions of Hindu and Sikhs travelled in the opposite direction. The film shows Muslim refugees from a range of different socio-economic backgrounds arriving in Lahore. Wealthy migrants shipped their cars and belongings but many were forced to make the long journey on foot.
Estimates of the numbers of migrants produced by partition vary between 10 and 13 million people. The final decision to partition India was taken only a few months before the British withdrew from India and was heavily criticised by many Indian and British officials, who voiced concern about the humanitarian crisis it would produce. The decision sparked brutal rioting across much of India in which more than a million people were killed. Trains carrying refugees across the new borders were particular targets of this violence.Dr. Eleanor Newbigin (SOAS University of London)
Join us live online for our weekly live and interactive series, Sunday Stories Live on Facebook featuring eminent movers and shakers changing our perception on South Asian history, especially as it relates to colonialism and 1947.
Join #ChasingMemories, the 19.47 km run, this summer. This is a family event and all skill levels, fitness levels and ages are welcome. It's a great way to support the documentation of stories while getting in shape. This run is organized in collaboration with Delhi NCR's own Coach Ravinder.
Each and every panel of this exhibit presents a unique first hand experience and displays how the pivotal event that determined the subcontinent's contemporary history continues to influence society till today. These narratives are from around the globe, with a special focus on showcasing diversity of experiences across class, caste, gender, as well as geographical location.
It is an exhibit that marries the notions of history, memoir, longing, belonging and inter-generational storytelling. CSVMT in collaboration with 1947 Partition Archive invite you to attend the exhibition..
Untold Stories invites, for the very first time, public audiences to engage with exemplary oral histories collected by The 1947 Partition Archive over the last 8 years. It is an exhibition that marries the notions of history, memoir, longing and belonging.
Join us on Wednesday, Feb 22 & April 12 at a workshop that attempts to answer this increasingly important question: How do we memorialize Partition in a manner that is ethical but also educational? The second day of the workshop will be held on April 12 at the Arts Faculty, Room 56, University of Delhi. Registration will be on site.
Thank you to all the volunteers who helped make Voices of Partition in Kolkata possible: Aditi Das, Ankita Bhattacharya, Arnab Ghosh, Bihongi Biswas, Bijetri Dutta Majumder, Deborshi Chakraborty, Dipayan Roy, Hansha Jaiswal, Moumita Banik, Pranoy Pal, Panchanon Poddar, Professor Rimi Nandy, Rumki Chakraborty, Sarita Bose (moderator), Somdutta De, Souvik Ghosh, Shreoshi Mitra, Sumallya Mukhopadhyay, Tamasa Ghosh, Udayan Das, and Utsa Bhattacharjee.
Location: The de Saisset Museum at Santa Clara University
Panelists: Dr. Vishin Jotwani, Saiyed Irfan Ahmad, Fauzia Parviz, Major Jagjit Singh, and Iram Nawaz (Citizen Historian).
Thank you the volunteers who helped make this event possible: Bomi Kim, Catherine Supnet, Elaine Jones, Graham Gilmore, and Trinh Duong.
Location: India Community Center, Cupertino, California
Panelists include: Mr. Ali Shan, Dr. Om Juneja, Mrs. Raj Jaggi, Dr. Zafar Afaq Ansari, Dr. Vishin Jotwani, Dr. Ismat Kamal, and Mr. Madan Lal Ghai.
Day 2: April 19 -- Geneology and Implementations of a Political Idea
Location: Board Room, Stanford Humanities Center
Audio Visual Presentation: 4:35pm by Archive staff Guneeta Singh Bhalla Full announcement: Stanford Partitions Conference
Downtown Berkeley Public Library, Berkeley, CA
Location: Community Room of Downtown Berkeley Public Library. Next to Downtown Berkeley Bart. Online stream available.
Time: 2pm to 5pm.
India Community Center, Milpitas, CA
Website: _heritage_day
Details:We are excited to present this first annual celebration of ancient Indus River heritage and culture. This event is held in equal partnership with The 1947 Partition Archive, India Community Center in Milpitas, CA and the Pakistani American Cultural Center in San Jose, CA. Join us in discovering our shared histories.
Downtown Berkeley Public Library, Berkeley, CA
Location: Community Room of Downtown Berkeley Public Library. Next to Downtown Berkeley Bart.
Time: 5:30pm to 8pm.
Details: This workshop is required for all aspiring interviewers. The workshop will also be available remotely to those who choose to login via Skype. Please send a message via our contact form. The workshop covers proper etiquette, techniques for asking open ended questions, properly formulating questions, camera work and equipment usage and more. Learn about conducting oral histories in a group setting and meet other interviewers. Join us!