فيلم Before We Go
Matt Dreher
Before the Flood is a 2016 documentary film about climate change directed by Fisher Stevens. The film was produced as a collaboration between Stevens, Leonardo DiCaprio, James Packer, Brett Ratner, Trevor Davidoski, and Jennifer Davisson Killoran. Martin Scorsese is an executive producer.[3]
The film covers effects of climate change in various regions of the world, and discusses climate change denial. Numerous public figures are interviewed in the documentary. To offset the carbon emissions of the production, the filmmakers paid a voluntary carbon tax. The soundtrack features compositions by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross, Mogwai and Gustavo Santaolalla.
The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2016, and was released theatrically on October 21, before airing on the National Geographic Channel on October 30.[4][5] As part of National Geographic's commitment to covering climate change, the documentary was made widely available and free of charge on various platforms.[6] It received generally positive critical reviews.
Before The Flood is the product of an incredible three-year journey that took place with my co-creator and director Fisher Stevens. We went to every corner of the globe to document the devastating impacts of climate change and questioned humanity's ability to reverse what may be the most catastrophic problem mankind has ever faced. There was a lot to take in. All that we witnessed on this journey shows us that our world's climate is incredibly interconnected and that it is at urgent breaking point. ... We wanted to create a film that gave people a sense of urgency, that made them understand what particular things are going to solve this problem. We bring up the issue of a carbon tax, for example, which I haven't seen in a lot of documentaries. Basically, sway a capitalist economy to try to invest in renewables, to bring less money and subsidies out of oil companies. These are the things that are really going to make a massive difference. ... We need to use our vote ... We cannot afford to have political leaders out there that do not believe in modern science or the scientific method or empirical truths ... We cannot afford to waste time having people in power that choose to believe in the 2 percent of the scientific community that is basically bought off by lobbyists and oil companies.[7]
The film shows DiCaprio visiting various regions of the globe[9] exploring the impact of global warming.[10] As a narrator, DiCaprio comments these encounters as well as archive footages. DiCaprio repeatedly references a 15th-century triptych by Hieronymus Bosch, The Garden of Earthly Delights, which, he explains, hung above his crib as an infant, and which he uses as an analogy of the present course of the world toward potential ruin as depicted on its final panel.[11] The film also documents, in part, the production of DiCaprio's 2015 film The Revenant.
They interview with British-born astronaut Piers Sellers, a NASA scientist who flew on three space missions, discusses his desire to publicize the perils of global warming in the short time he expected he had remaining to live, as he had stage IV pancreatic cancer as he was being filmed. He died on December 23, 2016.[14]
Along with DiCaprio, the documentary's subjects include Piers Sellers, Barack Obama, Pope Francis, Sunita Narain, Anote Tong, John Kerry, Elon Musk, Alejandro Gonzlez Irritu, Johan Rockstrm, Greg Mankiw, Gidon Eshel, Farwiza Farhan,[15] Ian Singleton,[16] Lindsey Allen,[17] Jeremy Jackson,[18] Thomas Remengesau Jr.,[19] Alvin Lin,[20] Ma Jun, Michael E. Mann, Philip Levine, Jason E. Box, Dr. Enric Sala,[21] Michael Brune, and Ban Ki-Moon.[2][5]
The film was made available freely on the internet between October 30 and November 6, 2016, the run up to US Election Day, having aired on the National Geographic Channel[24] in 171 countries and on some countries' national television channels.[25] The film is subtitled in 45 languages, making it accessible for non-English audiences.[26] The film had been viewed more than 2 million times on the day following its release.[27] Within weeks, it had been viewed by more than 60 million people, making it arguably one of the most watched documentaries in history.[28] As of November 2022, it is available for streaming on Disney+.
The film takes a closer look into the possibility of a carbon tax benefiting the American nation. In addition, they state that, "the carbon emissions from Before the Flood were offset through a voluntary carbon tax."[29][30]
The film received mostly positive reviews from critics. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 75% approval rating, based on 32 reviews with an average score of 7.0/10. The website's critics' consensus reads, "A fervent call to action where there is no time to waste, lest our future be left in the mud; Leonardo DiCaprio makes it his mission to deliver this urgent message Before the Flood."[31] On Metacritic, it has a score of 63 out of 100, based on 10 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[32]
Before the Flood was described as "surprisingly moving" in W[33] and as "a heartfelt, decent, educational documentary about the most important issue of our time" by The Guardian.[34]
Variety praised the fact that "given the sincerity of its message, its ability to assemble such a watchable and comprehensive account gives it an undeniable urgency," stating that "where the film succeeds the most is by focusing on the ground-level victims of climate change, whether the polar bears of the Arctic, or the inhabitants of island nations like Kiribati."[35]
They Meet Cute on a train in Austria. They start talking. Thereis a meeting of the minds (our most erotic organs) and they like each other.They're in their early 20s. He's an American with a Eurail pass, on his way toVienna to catch a cheap flight home. She's French, a student at the Sorbonne,on her way back to Paris. They go to the buffet car, drink some coffee, keeptalking, and he has this crazy idea: Why doesn't she get off the train with himin Vienna, and they can be together until he catches his plane? This sort ofscenario has happened, I imagine, millions of times. It has rarely happened ina nicer, sweeter, more gentle way than in Richard Linklater's "BeforeSunrise," which I could call a "Love Affair" for Generation X, exceptthat Jesse and Celine stand outside their generation, and especially outsideits boring insistence on being bored.
Thereis no hidden agenda in this movie. There will be no betrayals, melodrama, phonyviolence, or fancy choreography in sex scenes. It's mostly conversation, asthey wander the city of Vienna from mid-afternoon until the following dawn.Nobody hassles them.
Youmay remember him from "Dead Poets Society," "White Fang" orespecially "Reality Bites," in which he played a character who is 180degrees different from this one. She starred in Krzysztof Kieslowski's"White," as the wife who eventually regrets dumping her husband. Hereshe is ravishingly beautiful and, more important, warm and matter-of-fact,speaking English so well the screenplay has to explain it (she spent some timein the States).
Whatdo they talk about? Nothing spectacular. Parents, death, former boyfriends andgirlfriends, music, and the problem with reincarnation when there are morepeople alive now than in all previous times put together (if there is a finitenumber of souls, are we living in a period of a 5-to-1 split?). Linklater'sdialogue is weirdly amusing, as when Jesse suggests they should think of theirtime together as a sort of "time travel," and envisions a future inwhich she is with her boring husband and wonders, "what would some ofthose guys be like that I knew when I was young," and wishes she couldtravel back in time to see - and so here she is, back in time, seeing.
Asexual attraction is obviously present between them, and Linklater handles itgently, with patience. There is a wonderful scene in the listening booth of amusic store, where each one looks at the other, and then looks away, so as notto be caught. The way they do this - the timing, the slight embarrassment - is delicateand true to life. And I liked their first kiss, on the same ferris wheel usedin "The Third Man," so much I didn't mind that they didn't know OrsonWelles and Joseph Cotten had been there before them.
Thecity of Vienna is presented as a series of meetings and not as a travelogue.They meet amateur actors, fortunetellers, street poets, friendly bartenders.They spend some time in a church at midnight. They drink wine in a park. Theyfind a way to exchange personal information by holding imaginary phone callswith imaginary best friends. They talk about making love. There are goodarguments for, and against.
Thisis Linklater's third film, after "Slacker' (1991) and "Dazed andConfused" (1993). He's onto something. He likes the way ordinary timeunfolds for people, as they cross paths, start talking, share their thoughtsand uncertain philosophies. His first movie, set in Austin, Texas, followed onecharacter until he met a second, then the second until he met a third, and soon, eavesdropping on one life and conversation after another. The second filmwas a long night at the end of a high school year, as the students regardedtheir futures. Now there's "Before Sunrise," about two nice kids,literate, sensitive, tentative, intoxicated by the fact that their livesstretch out before them, filled with mystery and hope, and maybe love.
منذ الأزل انشغل البشر بسؤال الموت كحقيقة مؤكدة لدى الجميع ولكن اختلفت تفسيرات ذلك الحدث وتفاوتت التصورات عما يحدث بعده. الحضارات القديمة والمعاصرة اهتمت بتفسير معنى الموت باعتباره آلية لفناء وجود الكائن الحي وبعض الحضارات ذهبت إلى اعتباره انتقال الجسد من حالة إلى أخرى بينما اعتمدت أغلب التفاسير الدينية على فكرة البعث فليس هناك كائن فانٍ ينتقل من الوجود إلى العدم بل إنه يحيا من جديد في عالم آخر إما جنة وإما نار.
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