Mobile Cellular Communication By Gottapu Pdf Download
Osoulo Lejeune
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The book covers all the important aspects of cellular and mobile communications from the Internet to signals, access protocols and cellular systems and is a self-sufficient resource with adequate stress on the principles that govern the behavior of mobile communication along with the applications.
The GloMo Universal Modular Packaging System is an ultra-high-density handheld system for mobile computing and communications. Typically, such a system supports several different radios. In particular, one version supports a 2450 MHz ISM band spread-spectrum WLAN as well as an AMPS phone/modem. Another version supports 915 MHz and 2450 MHz WLANs. Aside from supporting multiple radios, the antenna for this system must maintain the high packaging density the system; that is, it must occupy a small volume. Furthermore, it must be mechanically and environmentally robust and therefore suitable for the military and law enforcement applications for which the system is intended. In keeping with the high-density packaging philosophy, the antenna must serve as an effective heat sink for the internal microprocessor as well as the digital radio. Finally, because of the multipath interference generally present in the UHF radio spectrum at low antenna heights and because of the random nature of the orientation/positioning of any handheld radio, the antenna system is required to support diversity reception.
Energy efficiency is an important issue in the proposed next-generation wireless communications as it severely affects human life on the earth. Two factors have mainly become an energy concern in the past decade: global warming due to CO2 emission and sea-level rise. Further, this issue has become a graver concern due to the ever increasing demand for data rates, spectral efficiency and quality of service combined with massive IoT communications. Therefore, there is a need for developing green mobile communications by 2020, which can ensure reduced energy consumption and increased battery life, besides increased capacity to enable massive deployment of small cell base stations. The proposed wireless communication network with the above features is referred to as an energy-efficient green mobile communication (5G). The paper surveys various technologies for realization of green mobile communication. Various technologies proposed for the realization of 5G are simultaneous wireless power and information transfer, massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), millimeter waves and beamforming. An analysis has also been carried out in the case of the proposed massive MIMO antennas and beamforming technique as a case study of energy-efficient architecture.
According to many studies, mobile network traffic volumes have been growing steadily in the last two decades and will continue to do so in the foreseeable future [1, 2]. This traffic growth is typically driven by increased penetration of mobile computing devices and adoption of bandwidth-intensive use cases (e.g., remote working or learning and high-resolution video consumption). For instance, the GSMA report from 2021 projected that 70% of the global population will have a mobile subscription by the year 2025, with majority of new subscribers being from Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. In other annual studies by the network equipment vendor Ericsson, it was noted that the amount of traffic carried by mobile networks increased 300-fold within a decade from 2011 to 2021 [2]. Similarly, within the same time period, the average traffic per smartphone increased by a factor of 14. These traffic growth trends oblige mobile network operators to continuously expand their network capacity to meet evolving user and service demands.
The fourth-generation (4G) long-term evolution (LTE) networks are generally considered to be the first type of mobile technology standard that was specified from the beginning to cater to this insatiable demand for capacity for mobile broadband services [3, 4]. This resulted in the aggressive rollout of LTE networks by the network operators targeting full population coverage while also gradually migrating from preceding (pre-4G) mobile technology generations. However, the pace of mobile data traffic growth and new demands from vertical use cases (e.g., connected cars and public safety) necessitated the evolution of the baseline LTE (Release 8) standard from the Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). These became available in subsequent 3GPP releases in the form of LTE-Advanced and LTE-Advanced Pro enhancements which could be applied as upgrades that protect initial LTE investments by operators [5]. However, despite these continued LTE network enhancements, the commercial rollout of new fifth-generation (5G) mobile technologies (specified from 3GPP Release 15) is now on the timelines of most global operators [6]. This is attributed to the fact that 5G not only provides at least an order of magnitude increase in capacity over LTE (and its incremental enhancements) but also is specified from the beginning to have the versatility to cater to the requirements of diverse vertical use cases [7].
In a previous study [11], the authors addressed some of these challenges by proposing a holistic network planning framework for hyperdense 5G deployments. The planning framework was characterised as data-driven due to the use of contextual datasets (e.g., network traffic data and morphological data) as input to the planning algorithms. Furthermore, the network planning problem in the framework required multiobjective optimization approaches as it involved simultaneous optimization of conflicting objectives (maximizing performance versus minimizing cost) and had high cardinality (due to the high density of small cells). A Pareto optimal solution of the multiobjective optimization problem is said to be found if it is not possible to improve any objective without degrading at least one other objective.
A notable gap in the study of [11] was the assumption of network hyperdensification with 5G small cells being the only upgrade option considered for scaling capacity in an incumbent 4G macrocellular network. This particular assumption limited the planning scope by not considering other capacity enhancement approaches, for instance, massive MIMO (one of the key enablers of 5G mobile networks) or a combination of the technologies (small cells and massive MIMO). These deployment options may in parts of a service area have an advantage (from a cost or performance perspective) over dense small cells. The discourse on the benefits or trade-offs between 5G massive MIMO versus small cell deployments is well documented in industry and scientific literatures (see, for example, [12]).
This article addresses the aforementioned issues by proposing an extension to the previously proposed data-driven multiobjective optimization framework for 5G network planning by considering not only network densification (with 5G small cells) as the sole upgrade option but also upgrade of macrocellular sites with 5G base stations with massive MIMO antenna configurations as an alternative or complementary solution. The new extended planning framework proposed in this article is validated using a realistic planning case study and reveals the following useful insights when compared to previous or existing approaches:(i)Upgrading a network with optimized massive MIMO will provide up to 290.5% user satisfaction gain at 10 Pareto massive MIMO networks relative to macro-only configuration with a planning approach that considers user satisfaction as a performance target(ii)For the case of two-stage joint optimization, it provides up to 664% user satisfaction gain for a combination of 8 massive MIMO and 50 small cell Pareto networks relative to macro-only configuration with a planning approach that considers user satisfaction as a performance target
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