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Wendy Akerson
This article reviews the basic principles of and recent developments in electrochromic, photochromic, and thermochromic materials for applications in smart windows. Compared with current static windows, smart windows can dynamically modulate the transmittance of solar irradiation based on weather conditions and personal preferences, thus simultaneously improving building energy efficiency and indoor human comfort. Although some smart windows are commercially available, their widespread implementation has not yet been realized. Recent advances in nanostructured materials provide new opportunities for next-generation smart window technology owing to their unique structure-property relations. Nanomaterials can provide enhanced coloration efficiency, faster switching kinetics, and longer lifetime. In addition, their compatibility with solution processing enables low-cost and high-throughput fabrication. This review also discusses the importance of dual-band modulation of visible and near-infrared (NIR) light, as nearly 50% of solar energy lies in the NIR region. Some latest results show that solution-processable nanostructured systems can selectively modulate the NIR light without affecting the visible transmittance, thus reducing energy consumption by air conditioning, heating, and artificial lighting.
Though Fyrtur shades do come with a wireless remote and transmitter, the IKEA Dirigera Hub is needed to enable smart features. Other than the Lutron shades, the Fyrtur shades were the only ones we tested that provided compatibility with Alexa, Google Home, and HomeKit.
At their most basic, smart shades and blinds make life far more simple, opening and closing without the risk of tangled strings or accidentally stripped shades. Like traditional shades and blinds, they can shield your home from harsh sunlight, while also helping to insulate it from hot- and cold-air leaks. And they ensure privacy from that nosy neighbor (you know the one).
These devices all require a hub (which plugs into your router or into a wall outlet) to connect to Wi-Fi and enable smart functionality. SmarterHome MySmartRollerShades and SmarterHome MySmartBlinds are slight exceptions since they work over Bluetooth out of the box, but you still need the companion Wi-Fi bridge to get full smart capabilities.
Once online, these gadgets communicate with your battery-powered shade or blind, just like any other smart-home device. Use the app to open and close or to raise and lower your window coverings; create a set Schedule based on your daily habits; ask Alexa, Google Assistant, or Siri to open your shades or blinds for you; enable features that adjust them according to sunrise and sunset estimates in your area (or slowly throughout the entire day); or design automations with multiple smart-home products as part of a daily routine.
The Lutron Caséta Smart Hub, sold separately, is required to enable Wi-Fi and any smart functionality in the Lutron app and with its supported smart-home platforms, including voice control. One hub works with as many as 75 Lutron devices. This hub connects to your router, and it was very simple to set up via a tutorial in the Lutron app.
Smart-home integration is limited. The only compatible third-party smart platform is Alexa. And using it can be clunky. In the Tilt app, you first have to create a Routine, which you can then trigger in the Alexa app.
By maximizing access to natural light and outdoor views, View Smart Windows measurably improve occupant health and wellness. A recent study found that people living in homes with View Smart Windows slept an average of 16 minutes longer each night and reported 11 percent less anxiety and 9 percent less stress compared to those living in equivalent homes with traditional windows and blinds.
About View
View is the leader in smart building technologies that transform buildings to improve human health and experience, reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions, and generate additional revenue for building owners. View Smart Windows use artificial intelligence to automatically adjust in response to the sun, increasing access to natural light and unobstructed views while eliminating the need for blinds and minimizing heat and glare. Every View installation includes a cloud-connected smart building platform that can easily be extended to reimagine the occupant experience. View is installed and designed into over 90 million square feet of buildings including offices, hospitals, airports, educational facilities, hotels, and multi-family residences. For more information, please visit: www.view.com.
According to the SEC order, in a series of reports and statements filed with the SEC from December 2020 to May 2021, View disclosed warranty liabilities of $22 million to $25 million, consisting largely of projected costs to manufacture replacements for certain defective windows. However, View failed to include in its disclosures the additional cost to ship and install the new windows, which View had decided to cover and which therefore should have been disclosed under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. Including those costs, View should have disclosed total warranty liabilities of $48-$53 million. As a result, the SEC order finds, View materially misstated its warranty liability for fiscal years 2019 and 2020 and the first quarter of 2021.
The smart window concept is based on the adaptive behavior of thermochromic materials, which change color in response to changes in temperature. Researchers from Soochow University, China, have designed a smart window from a thermochromic material that responds specifically to incident sunlight, without resorting to the external heating or power systems usually required.
Their prototype smart window exploits the known phenomenon of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) from noble metal nanoparticles, to convert photons from ambient sunlight to localized thermal energy. This triggers the thermochromic window to switch from transparent to opaque, blocking further incoming sunlight.
New smart windows designed by Stanford engineers can change from transparent to dark or back again in under a minute depending on the light. The technology could be used in buildings, cars and even sunglasses.
Stanford University engineers have developed dynamic windows that can switch from transparent to opaque or back again in under a minute, a significant improvement over dimming windows currently being installed to reduce cooling costs in some buildings.
The researchers have filed a patent for the new technology and have entered into discussions with glass manufacturers and other potential partners. However, more research is needed to make the surface area of the windows large enough for commercial applications. The prototypes used in the study are only about 4 square inches in size. The researchers also want to reduce manufacturing costs to be competitive with dynamic windows already on the market.
Commercially available smart windows are made of materials, such as tungsten oxide, that change color when charged with electricity. But according to McGehee, these materials tend to be expensive, have a blue tint, can take more than 20 minutes to dim and become less opaque over time.
The Marvin Smart products are essentially normal windows and doors that have sensors already built into them. This means you don't have to add sensors yourself that void the warranty or attach ugly contact sensors outside of them. Additionally, the sensors detect lock status, not just open status like an external sensor would.
The sensors are a rare earth magnet and a contact sensors that ends in bare wire within a hollow area (top casing in windows, under the deadbolt in doors) that is big enough to hold a sensor of your choice.
In the windows, the magnet is embedded in the sash, while the sensor sits on a lever inside the side of the window casing. When the window is flipped to the "locked" position, the lever inside slides up, placing the sensor within range of the magnet, closing the sensor. When you unlock it, it slides down, out of range, unlocking it. I'm sure the doors work similarly, but I haven't opened one of them up yet.
Once you have the additional sensor hooked up (and the tab that blocks the battery removed), you can bunch up the wire, slide the sensor and wire into the hollow portion of the window casing, and close it up. If you're smart, set up the sensor before you do this step. Opening the window casing back up isn't terrible, but it's a bit of a pain. The doors are easier to work with, as they have a panel under the deadbolt that opens with screws.
We installed 4 doors and 20+ windows, so I've had a range of experiences. In the majority of cases, the sensor installation went smoothly and all worked well. We did, however, experience a few (resolvable) issues.
A few windows didn't come equipped for sensors (no cutouts, sensor, magnet, etc). These were small windows and our assumption is that Marvin doesn't make smart windows in those sizes because it would be hard for a person to fit through. \(ツ)/
Overall, I'm very happy with the windows visually, and excluding the edge case issues mentioned above, the sensors work great. I love that my windows and doors detect lock status instead of just open status, which makes security oriented automations more effective. If you've got the room in your budget for Marvin products, I think they're worth the effort.
Our sensors have been active for about a year now and they're still in the 95-100% battery range, so I imagine replacing them is going to be an infrequent ordeal. WIth that said, we don't open and close the windows often, so I'm not sure how the frequency impacts the battery usage.
Thermochromic smart windows work automatically to pass infrared energy in winter to keep buildings warm and block infrared energy in the summer to keep them cooler. The nanoparticle-based vanadium dioxide films have approximately twice the solar modulation values for high and low temperatures as thin films, Li said. Solar modulation is the amount of solar energy that the vanadium dioxide material can control at low and high temperatures. Further, the material acts with switch-like rapidity, transitioning from blocking infrared to passing it through in micro- or nano-seconds.
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