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ka akhriyey waraaqo kooban waxaa loobaahanyahay Gudiga farasamada iyo
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dhaliyarada golaha kujirta
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dhaliyarada beeylaha kale

madaama aan awal kaga jirney kaalinta waxbarasho beeylaha inala dagah oo
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G/bolka mudug ee u badan yahiin walaalaheeyna cumar maxa'ud in eey soo
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eeynu hurdada kakacno waxaase naxdin badan marka aan imi neyrobi in aan
maqlay ardey lagasoo qaadey magaalada qardho oo beeysha ah in eey kabatageen
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saameeyn hadeey wanaagsadaan ah inaga ayeey inootahey sharaf
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,kuma aad arkeeysid ardeyda g/bolada kale magaalada iyada
oo wareeygeeysah balse ardeyna waxaa eey fadhiyaan fadhi kudirirada maxaa
keeney ?waan ogahey qardho in eeysan ardeydeeydi isku wada mid aheeyn oo eey
aadaan masar sudaan iyo meeylo kale balse waa in eeynu kuxisaabtano ardey
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Groupkaan sida eeynu iskaga calin laheeyn jahliga uguna gor ahaan laheeyn
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Biological Molecules

Life on Earth evolved in the water, and all life still depends on water. At least 80% of the mass of living organisms is water, and almost all the chemical reactions of life take place in aqueous solution. The other chemicals that make up living things are mostly organic macromolecules belonging to the four groups proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids. These macromolecules are made up from specific monomers as shown in the table below. Between them these four groups make up 93% of the dry mass of living organisms, the remaining 7% comprising small organic molecules (like vitamins) and inorganic ions.

Group name	monomers	polymers	% dry mass
Proteins	amino acids	polypeptides	50
nucleic acids	nucleotides	polynucleotides	18
carbohydrates	monosaccharides	polysaccharides	15

Group name	components	largest unit	% dry mass
lipids	fatty acids + glycerol	Triglycerides	10

 The first part of this unit is about each of these groups. We'll look at each of these groups in detail, except nucleic acids, which are studied in module 2.

 

Water (additional information for your own interest)
[back to top]

Water molecules are charged, with the oxygen atom being slightly negative (d-) and the hydrogen atoms being slightly positive (d+). These opposite charges attract each other, forming hydrogen bonds. These are weak, long distance bonds that are very common and very important in biology.

Water has a number of important properties essential for life. Many of the properties below are due to the hydrogen bonds in water:

• Solvent. Because it is charged, water is a very good solvent. Charged or polar molecules such as salts, sugars, amino acids dissolve readily in water and so are called hydrophilic ("water loving"). Uncharged or non-polar molecules such as lipids do not dissolve so well in water and are called hydrophobic ("water hating").

• Specific heat capacity. Water has a specific heat capacity of 4.2 J g-1 °C-1, which means that it takes 4.2 joules of energy to heat 1 g of water by 1°C. This is unusually high and it means that water does not change temperature very easily. This minimises fluctuations in temperature inside cells, and it also means that sea temperature is remarkably constant.

• Latent heat of vaporisation. Water requires a lot of energy to change state from a liquid into a gas, and this is made use of as a cooling mechanism in animals (sweating and panting) and plants (transpiration). As water evaporates it extracts heat from around it, cooling the organism.

•  Latent heat of fusion. Water also requires a lot of heat to change state from a solid to a liquid, and must loose a lot of heat to change state from a liquid to a solid. This means it is difficult to freeze water, so ice crystals are less likely to form inside cells.

• Density. Water is unique in that the solid state (ice) is less dense that the liquid state, so ice floats on water. As the air temperature cools, bodies of water freeze from the surface, forming a layer of ice with liquid water underneath. This allows aquatic ecosystems to exist even in sub-zero temperatures.

• Cohesion. Water molecules "stick together" due to their hydrogen bonds, so water has high cohesion. This explains why long columns of water can be sucked up tall trees by transpiration without breaking. It also explains surface tension, which allows small animals to walk on water.

• Ionisation. When many salts dissolve in water they ionise into discrete positive and negative ions (e.g. NaCl   Na+ + Cl-). Many important biological molecules are weak acids, which also ionise in solution (e.g. acetic acid   acetate- + H+). The names of the acid and ionised forms (acetic acid and acetate in this example) are often used loosely and interchangeably, which can cause confusion. You will come across many examples of two names referring to the same substance, e.g.: phosphoric acid and phosphate, lactic acid and lactate, citric acid and citrate, pyruvic acid and pyruvate, aspartic acid and aspartate, etc. The ionised form is the one found in living cells.

• pH. Water itself is partly ionised (H2O    H+ + OH- ), so it is a source of protons (H+ ions), and indeed many biochemical reactions are sensitive to pH (-log[H+]). Pure water cannot buffer changes in H+ concentration, so is not a buffer and can easily be any pH, but the cytoplasms and tissue fluids of living organisms are usually well buffered at about neutral pH (pH 7-8).

 

 

 

Carbohydrates 

Carbohydrates contain only the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The group includes monomers, dimers and polymers, as shown in this diagram:

Monosaccharides (simple sugars)  [back to top]

These all have the formula (CH2O)n, where n can be 3-7. The most common and important monosaccharide is glucose, which is a six-carbon or hexose sugar, so has the formula C6H12O6. Its structure is:

a-glucose (used to make starch and glycogen)	or more simply
b-glucose (used to make cellulose)

 Glucose forms a six-sided ring, although in three-dimensions it forms a structure that looks a bit like a chair. The six carbon atoms are numbered as shown, so we can refer to individual carbon atoms in the structure. In animals glucose is the main transport sugar in the blood, and its concentration in the blood is carefully controlled. There are many isomers of glucose, with the same chemical formula (C6H12O6), but different structural formulae. These isomers include fructose and galactose.

Common five-carbon, or pentose sugars (where n = 5, C5H10O5) include ribose and deoxyribose (found in nucleic acids and ATP) and ribulose (which occurs in photosynthesis).

Disaccharides (double sugars)  [back to top]

Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides are joined together by a glycosidic bond. The reaction involves the formation of a molecule of water (H2O):

 

This shows two glucose molecules joining together to form the disaccharide maltose. Because this bond is between carbon 1 of one molecule and carbon 4 of the other molecule it is called a 1-4 glycosidic bond. Bonds between other carbon atoms are possible, leading to different shapes, and branched chains.

This kind of reaction, where H2O is formed, is called a condensation reaction. The reverse process, when bonds are broken by the addition of water (e.g. in digestion), is called a hydrolysis reaction.

In general:

polymerisation reactions are condensations breakdown reactions are hydrolyses

 There are three common disaccharides:

• Maltose (or malt sugar) is glucose 1-4 glucose. It is formed on digestion of starch by amylase, because this enzyme breaks starch down into two-glucose units. Brewing beer starts with malt, which is a maltose solution made from germinated barley. Maltose is the structure shown above.

• Sucrose (or cane sugar) is glucose 1-2 fructose. It is common in plants because it is less reactive than glucose, and it is their main transport sugar. It is the common table sugar that you put in your tea.

• Lactose (or milk sugar) is galactose 1-4 glucose. It is found only in mammalian milk, and is the main source of energy for infant mammals.

Polysaccharides  [back to top]

Polysaccharides are long chains of many monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds. There are three important polysaccharides:

• Starch is the plant storage polysaccharide. It is insoluble and forms starch granules inside many plant cells. Being insoluble means starch does not change the water potential of cells, so does not cause the cells to take up water by osmosis (more on osmosis later). It is not a pure substance, but is a mixture of amylose and amylopectin.

Amylose is simply poly-(1-4) glucose, so is a straight chain. In fact the chain is floppy, and it tends to coil up into a helix.
Amylopectin is poly(1-4) glucose with about 4% (1-6) branches. This gives it a more open molecular structure than amylose. Because it has more ends, it can be broken more quickly than amylose by amylase enzymes.
Both amylose and amylopectin are broken down by the enzyme amylase into maltose, though at different rates.

 

Glycogen is similar in structure to amylopectin. It is poly (1-4) glucose with 9% (1-6) branches. It is made by animals as their storage polysaccharide, and is found mainly in muscle and liver. Because it is so highly branched, it can be mobilised (broken down to glucose for energy) very quickly.

•  Cellulose is only found in plants, where it is the main component of cell walls. It is poly (1-4) glucose, but with a different isomer of glucose. Starch and glycogen contain a-glucose, in which the hydroxyl group on carbon 1 sticks down from the ring, while cellulose contains b-glucose, in which the hydroxyl group on carbon 1 sticks up. This means that in a chain alternate glucose molecules are inverted.

This apparently tiny difference makes a huge difference in structure and properties. While the a1-4 glucose polymer in starch coils up to form granules, the b14 glucose polymer in cellulose forms straight chains. Hundreds of these chains are linked together by hydrogen bonds to form cellulose microfibrils. These microfibrils are very strong and rigid, and give strength to plant cells, and therefore to young plants and also to materials such as paper, cotton and sellotape.

The b-glycosidic bond cannot be broken by amylase, but requires a specific cellulase enzyme. The only organisms that possess a cellulase enzyme are bacteria, so herbivorous animals, like cows and termites whose diet is mainly cellulose, have mutualistic bacteria in their guts so that they can digest cellulose. Humans cannot digest cellulose, and it is referred to as fibre.

• Other polysaccharides that you may come across include:

• Chitin (poly glucose amine), found in fungal cell walls and the exoskeletons of insects.

• Pectin (poly galactose uronate), found in plant cell walls.

• Agar (poly galactose sulphate), found in algae and used to make agar plates.

• Murein (a sugar-peptide polymer), found in bacterial cell walls.

• Lignin (a complex polymer), found in the walls of xylem cells, is the main component of wood.
  

Proteins  [back to top]

Proteins are the most complex and most diverse group of biological compounds. They have an astonishing range of different functions, as this list shows.

structure                e.g. collagen (bone, cartilage, tendon), keratin (hair), actin (muscle)
enzymes               e.g. amylase, pepsin, catalase, etc (>10,000 others)
transport                e.g. haemoglobin (oxygen), transferrin (iron)
pumps                   e.g. Na+K+ pump in cell membranes
motors                  e.g. myosin (muscle), kinesin (cilia)
hormones              e.g. insulin, glucagon
receptors               e.g. rhodopsin (light receptor in retina)
antibodies              e.g. immunoglobulins
storage                  e.g. albumins in eggs and blood, caesin in milk
blood clotting         e.g. thrombin, fibrin
lubrication              e.g. glycoproteins in synovial fluid
toxins                    e.g. diphtheria toxin
antifreeze              e.g. glycoproteins in arctic flea
and many more!

Proteins are made of amino acids. Amino acids are made of the five elements C H O N S. The general structure of an amino acid molecule is shown on the right. There is a central carbon atom (called the "alpha carbon"), with four different chemical groups attached to it: a hydrogen atom a basic amino group an acidic carboxyl group a variable "R" group (or side chain)

Amino acids are so-called because they have both amino groups and acid groups, which have opposite charges. At neutral pH (found in most living organisms), the groups are ionised as shown above, so there is a positive charge at one end of the molecule and a negative charge at the other end. The overall net charge on the molecule is therefore zero. A molecule like this, with both positive and negative charges is called a zwitterion. The charge on the amino acid changes with pH:

low pH (acid)	neutral pH	high pH (alkali)
charge = +1	charge = 0	charge = -1

It is these changes in charge with pH that explain the effect of pH on enzymes. A solid, crystallised amino acid has the uncharged structure (bwlow) , but this form never exists in solution, and therefore doesn't exist in living things 
(although it is the form usually given in textbooks).

 

There are 20 different R groups, and so 20 different amino acids. Since each R group is slightly different, each amino acid has different properties, and this in turn means that proteins can have a wide range of properties. The following table shows the 20 different R groups, grouped by property, which gives an idea of the range of properties. You do not need to learn these, but it is interesting to see the different structures, and you should be familiar with the amino acid names. You may already have heard of some, such as the food additive monosodium glutamate, which is simply the sodium salt of the amino acid glutamate. Be careful not to confuse the names of amino acids with those of bases in DNA, such as cysteine (amino acid) and cytosine (base), threonine (amino acid) and thymine (base). There are 3-letter and 1-letter abbreviations for each amino acid.

The Twenty Amino Acid  R-Groups
	Simple R groups		Basic R groups
Glycine Gly  G		Lysine Lys  K
Alanine Ala  A		Arginine Arg  R
Valine Val  V		Histidine His  H
Leucine Leu  L		Asparagine Asn  N
Isoleucine Ile  I		Glutamine Gln  Q
	Hydroxyl R groups		Acidic R groups
Serine Ser  S		Aspartate Asp  D
Threonine Thr  T		Glutamate Glu  E
	Sulphur R groups		Ringed R groups
Cysteine Cys  C		Phenylalanine Phe  F
Methionine Met  M		Tyrosine Tyr  Y
	Cyclic R group
Proline Pro  P		Tryptophan Trp  W

 

Polypeptides  [back to top]

Amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds. The reaction involves the formation of a molecule of water in another condensation polymerisation reaction:

When two amino acids join together a dipeptide is formed. Three amino acids form a tripeptide. Many amino acids form a polypeptide. e.g.:

+NH3-Gly — Pro — His — Leu — Tyr — Ser — Trp — Asp — Lys — Cys-COO-

 In a polypeptide there is always one end with a free amino (NH3) group, called the N-terminus, and one end with a free carboxyl (CO2) group, called the C-terminus.

In a protein the polypeptide chain may be hundreds of amino acids long. Amino acid polymerisation to form polypeptides is part of protein synthesis. It takes place in ribosomes, and is special because it requires an RNA template. The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is determined by the sequence of the genetic code in DNA. Protein synthesis it studied in detail in module 2.

Protein Structure  [back to top]

Polypeptides are just a string of amino acids, but they fold up to form the complex and well-defined three-dimensional structure of working proteins. To help to understand protein structure, it is broken down into four levels:

1.    Primary Structure

This is just the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain, so is not really a structure at all. However, the primary structure does determine the rest of the protein structure. Finding the primary structure of a protein is called protein sequencing, and the first protein to be sequenced was the protein hormone insulin, by the Cambridge biochemist Fredrick Sanger, for which work he got the Nobel prize in 1958.

2.    Secondary Structure

This is the most basic level of protein folding, and consists of a few basic motifs that are found in all proteins. The secondary structure is held together by hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl groups and the amino groups in the polypeptide backbone. The two most common secondary structure motifs are the a-helix and the b-sheet.

The a-helix. The polypeptide chain is wound round to form a helix. It is held together by hydrogen bonds running parallel with the long helical axis. There are so many hydrogen bonds that this is a very stable and strong structure. Do not confuse the a-helix of proteins with the famous double helix of DNA. Helices are common structures throughout biology.
The b-sheet. The polypeptide chain zig-zags back and forward forming a sheet of antiparallel strands. Once again it is held together by hydrogen bonds.

The a-helix and the b-sheet were discovered by Linus Pauling, for which work he got the Nobel prize in 1954. There are a number of other secondary structure motifs such as the b-bend, the triple helix (only found in collagen), and the random coil.

3.    Tertiary Structure

This is the compact globular structure formed by the folding up of a whole polypeptide chain. Every protein has a unique tertiary structure, which is responsible for its properties and function. For example the shape of the active site in an enzyme is due to its tertiary structure. The tertiary structure is held together by bonds between the R groups of the amino acids in the protein, and so depends on what the sequence of amino acids is. There are three kinds of bonds involved:

• hydrogen bonds, which are weak.

• ionic bonds between R-groups with positive or negative charges, which are quite strong.

• sulphur bridges - covalent S-S bonds between two cysteine amino acids, which are strong.

So the secondary structure is due to backbone interactions and is thus largely independent of primary sequence, while tertiary structure is due to side chain interactions and thus depends on the amino acid sequence.

4.    Quaternary Structure

This structure is found in proteins containing more than one polypeptide chain, and simply means how the different polypeptide chains are arranged together. The individual polypeptide chains are usually globular, but can arrange themselves into a variety of quaternary shapes. e.g.:

Haemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells, consists of four globular subunits arranged in a tetrahedral (pyramid) structure. Each subunit contains one iron atom and can bind one molecule of oxygen.
Immunoglobulins, the proteins that make antibodies, comprise four polypeptide chains arranged in a Y-shape. The chains are held together by sulphur bridges. This shape allows antibodies to link antigens together, causing them to clump.
Actin, one of the proteins found in muscles, consists of many globular subunits arranged in a double helix to form long filaments.
Tubulin is a globular protein that polymerises to form hollow tubes called microtubules. These form part of the cytoskeleton, and make cilia and flagella move.

These four structures are not real stages in the formation of a protein, but are simply a convenient classification that scientists invented to help them to understand proteins. In fact proteins fold into all these structures at the same time, as they are synthesised.

The final three-dimensional shape of a protein can be classified as globular or fibrous.

globular structure

fibrous (or filamentous) structure

The vast majority of proteins are globular, including enzymes, membrane proteins, receptors, storage proteins, etc. Fibrous proteins look like ropes and tend to have structural roles such as collagen (bone), keratin (hair), tubulin (cytoskeleton) and actin (muscle). They are usually composed of many polypeptide chains. A few proteins have both structures: the muscle protein myosin has a long fibrous tail and a globular head, which acts as an enzyme.

This diagram shows a molecule of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which comprises a single polypeptide chain. It has been drawn to highlight the different secondary structures.

This diagram shows part of a molecule of collagen, which is found in bone and cartilage. It has a unique, very strong triple-helix structure.

 

Lipids  [back to top]

Lipids are a mixed group of hydrophobic compounds composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Triglycerides  [back to top]

Triglycerides are commonly called fats or oils. They are made of glycerol and fatty acids.

Glycerol is a small, 3-carbon molecule with three alcohol groups.

Fatty acids are long molecules with a polar, hydrophilic end and a non-polar, hydrophobic "tail". The hydrocarbon chain can be from 14 to 22 CH2 units long, but it is always an even number because of the way fatty acids are made. The hydrocarbon chain is sometimes called an R group, so the formula of a fatty acid can be written as R-COO-.

• If there are no C=C double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain, then it is a saturated fatty acid (i.e. saturated with hydrogen). These fatty acids form straight chains, and have a high melting point.

• If there are C=C double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain, then it is an unsaturated fatty acid (i.e. unsaturated with hydrogen). These fatty acids form bent chains, and have a low melting point. Fatty acids with more than one double bond are called poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).

One molecule of glycerol joins togther with three fatty acid molecules to form a triglyceride molecule, in another condensation polymerisation reaction:

Triglycerides are insoluble in water. They are used for storage, insulation and protection in fatty tissue (or adipose tissue) found under the skin (sub-cutaneous) or surrounding organs. They yield more energy per unit mass than other compounds so are good for energy storage. Carbohydrates can be mobilised more quickly, and glycogen is stored in muscles and liver for immediate energy requirements.

• Triglycerides containing saturated fatty acids have a high melting point and tend to be found in warm-blooded animals. At room temperature thay are solids (fats), e.g. butter, lard.

• Triglycerides containing unsaturated fatty acids have a low melting point and tend to be found in cold-blooded animals and plants. At room temperature they are liquids (oils), e.g. fish oil, vegetable oils.

Phospholipids  [back to top]

Phospholipids have a similar structure to triglycerides, but with a phosphate group in place of one fatty acid chain. There may also be other groups attached to the phosphate. Phospholipids have a polar hydrophilic "head" (the negatively-charged phosphate group) and two non-polar hydrophobic "tails" (the fatty acid chains). This mixture of properties is fundamental to biology, for phospholipids are the main components of cell membranes.

When mixed with water, phospholipids form droplet spheres with the hydrophilic heads facting the water and the hydrophobic tails facing eachother. This is called a micelle.
Alternatively, they may form a double-layered phospholipid bilayer. This traps a compartment of water in the middle separated from the external water by the hydrophobic sphere. This naturally-occurring structure is called a liposome, and is similar to a membrane surrounding a cell.

Waxes

Waxes are formed from fatty acids and long-chain alcohols. They are commonly found wherever waterproofing is needed, such as in leaf cuticles, insect exoskeletons, birds' feathers and mammals' fur.

Steroids

Steroids are small hydrophobic molecules found mainly in animals. They include:

• cholesterol, which is found in animals cell membranes to increase stiffness

• bile salts, which help to emulsify dietary fats

• steroid hormones such as testosterone, oestrogen, progesterone and cortisol

• vitamin D, which aids Ca2+ uptake by bones.

Terpenes

Terpenes are small hydrophobic molecules found mainly in plants. They include vitamin A, carotene and plant oils such as geraniol, camphor and menthol.

 
Chromatography  [back to top]

Chromatography is used to separate pure substances from a mixture of substances, such as a cell extract. It is based on different substances having different solubilities in different solvents. A simple and common form of chromatography uses filter paper.

1.     Pour some solvent into a chromatography tank and seal it, so the atmosphere is saturated with solvent vapour. Different solvents are suitable for different tasks, but they are usually mixtures of water with organic liquids such as ethanol or propanone.

2.     Place a drop of the mixture to be separated onto a sheet of chromatography paper near one end. This is the origin of the chromatogram. The spot should be small but concentrated. Repeat for any other mixtures. Label the spots with pencil, as ink may dissolve.

3.     Place the chromatography sheet into the tank so that the origin is just above the level of solvent, and leave for several hours. The solvent will rise up the paper by capillary action carrying the contents of the mixture with it. Any solutes dissolved in the solvent will be partitioned between the organic solvent (the moving phase) and the water, which is held by the paper (the stationary phase). The more soluble a solute is in the solvent the further up the paper it will move.

4.     When the solvent has nearly reached the top of the paper, the paper is removed and the position of the solvent front marked. The chromatogram may need to be developed to make the spots visible. For example amino acids stain purple with ninhydrin.

5.    The chromatogram can be analysed by measuring the distance travelled by the solvent front, and the distance from the origin to the centre of each spot. This is used to calculate the Rf (relative front) value for each spot:

Rf =	distance moved by spot
	distance moved by solvent

 An Rf value is characteristic of a particular solute in a particular solvent. It can be used to identify components of a mixture by comparing to tables of known Rf  values.

Sometimes chromatography with a single solvent is not enough to separate all the constituents of a mixture. In this case the separation can be improved by two-dimensional chromatography, where the chromatography paper is turned through 90° and run a second time in a second solvent. Solutes that didn't separate in one solvent will separate in another because they have different solubilities.

There are many different types of chromatography.

• Paper chromatography is the simplest, but does not always give very clean separation.

• Thin layer chromatography (tlc) uses a thin layer of cellulose or silica coated onto a plastic or glass sheet. This is more expensive, but gives much better and more reliable separation.

• Column chromatography uses a glass column filled with a cellulose slurry. Large samples can be pumped through the column and the separated fractions can be collected for further experiments, so this is preparative chromatography as opposed to analytical chromatography.

• High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is an improved form of column chromatography that delivers excellent separation very quickly.

• Electrophoresis uses an electric current to separate molecules on the basis of charge. It can also be used to separate on the basis of molecular size, and as such is used in DNA sequencing.

 

Biochemical Tests  [back to top]

These five tests identify the main biologically important chemical compounds. For each test take a small amount of the substance to test, and shake it in water in a test tube. If the sample is a piece of food, then grind it with some water in a pestle and mortar to break up the cells and release the cell contents. Many of these compounds are insoluble, but the tests work just as well on a fine suspension.

• Starch (iodine test). To approximately 2 cm³ of test solution add two drops of iodine/potassium iodide solution. A blue-black colour indicates the presence of starch as a starch-polyiodide complex is formed. Starch is only slightly soluble in water, but the test works well in a suspension or as a solid.

• Reducing Sugars (Benedict's test). All monosaccharides and most disaccharides (except sucrose) will reduce copper (II) sulphate, producing a precipitate of copper (I) oxide on heating, so they are called reducing sugars. Benedict’s reagent is an aqueous solution of copper (II) sulphate, sodium carbonate and sodium citrate. To approximately 2 cm³ of test solution add an equal quantity of Benedict’s reagent. Shake, and heat for a few minutes at 95°C in a water bath. A precipitate indicates reducing sugar. The colour and density of the precipitate gives an indication of the amount of reducing sugar present, so this test is semi-quantitative. The original pale blue colour means no reducing sugar, a green precipitate means relatively little sugar; a brown or red precipitate means progressively more sugar is present.

• Non-reducing Sugars (Benedict's test). Sucrose is called a non-reducing sugar because it does not reduce copper sulphate, so there is no direct test for sucrose. However, if it is first hydrolysed (broken down) to its constituent monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), it will then give a positive Benedict's test. So sucrose is the only sugar that will give a negative Benedict's test before hydrolysis and a positive test afterwards. First test a sample for reducing sugars, to see if there are any present before hydrolysis. Then, using a separate sample, boil the test solution with dilute hydrochloric acid for a few minutes to hydrolyse the glycosidic bond. Neutralise the solution by gently adding small amounts of solid sodium hydrogen carbonate until it stops fizzing, then test as before for reducing sugars.

• Lipids (emulsion test). Lipids do not dissolve in water, but do dissolve in ethanol. This characteristic is used in the emulsion test. Do not start by dissolving the sample in water, but instead shake some of the test sample with about 4 cm³ of ethanol. Decant the liquid into a test tube of water, leaving any undissolved substances behind. If there are lipids dissolved in the ethanol, they will precipitate in the water, forming a cloudy white emulsion. The test can be improved by adding the dye Sudan III, which stains lipids red

 

 

             

  

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Dr. Hiraabe oo qoraaldiisu inta badan wax ka sheegaan Suldaan Keynadid iyo Madaxweyne Cabdullahi Yuusuf ayaa maantana qoraalkisa wuxuu ku yiri sidaan hoos ku qoran'' By ahmednur Posted to the Web Jan 31, 18:36 Ku bilaabida magaca Eebbe ee naxariista guud iyo mida gaarka ahba leh. Dr. Hiraabe oo qoraaldiisu inta badan wax ka sheegaan Suldaan Keynadid iyo Madaxweyne Cabdullahi Yuusuf ayaa maantana qoraalkisa wuxuu ku yiri sidaan hoos ku qoran:                                     Ha igu Tolin Tigree Amxaar Togoog Tolkeeya Maahinee Waxaan hore u sheegay in dalka soomaliya ninkii u keenay Talyaani in uu ahaa Cali Yusuf,waxa maanata Maquuste wadaana waa heshiiskii berigaa la la galay ninkii eey tolka wada ahaayeen Maquuste,xaqiiqdii waxaa uu ahaa heshiis taariikhda soomaliyeed meel mugdi ah ka galay ,welina Maquuste waxaa uu Talyaaniga u haya in uu hayo heshiiskii foosha xumaa rabana in uu fuliyo qarnigaan 21 aad,waxaa uu rabaa in uu ku caano maalo heshiiskaa gumeeysi jaceelka ahaa,waxa talyaani ku qasbay in uu gargaar siiyo waa arinkaa ee maaha soomali jaceeyl iwm..Heshiiskii Cali Yusuf waxaa uu u dhacay sidan: Anigoo ah suldaanka hobyood ee yusuf cali yusuf waxaan maanta wixii laga bilaabma gacanteeyda ku saxiixay waraaqdaan anigoo cadeeynaaya in aan dhulkeeygii ka billaaw Mareeg illaa Raascawad aan oggolaaday in eey hoostagaan maamulkii dowlada Talyaaniga ee weeyn boqorkooda Umberto I ,isagoo oo uu ka wakiil yahay qunsulka u fadhiya Sansibaar ee magaciisa la dhaho: Vincenzo  Filonardi. "  Taa waxaan u soo qaatay gumaadkii Talyaaniga uu ka geeystay gobolada koonfur ee soomaliya waxaa sabbab u ahaa yusuf cali yusuf  oo soo dejiyay xoogaga gumeeysigii cadaa ee Talyaaniga.Qarnigaan 21 aad waxaa iyana sidii oo kale wada Maquuste iyo Tigree,si loo fuliyo qorshaha guracan ee qarnigaan waxaa maaliyada lagu how gelaayo bixineeysa dowlada Talyaaniga wax umada ka qarsoon maahin. Sussasha la rabo in jawaabteeda la fahmaa ayaa ah maxeey tahay sabbabta Talyaaniga ku dhalisay in uu u kala eexdo soomalida dhexdeeda ? Akhristow waxaa shaki ku jirin in Talyaniga uu ahaa kii Eriterea gacanta u geliyay dowlada Ethiopia 1952 taana waxaa eey ka danbeetsay markii Ethiopia eey damacday in eey qabsato soomalia kadib baaqii calaacal ah uu Menelik u diray boqorada ingriiska sanadkii 1890 kii boqoradaas oo la dhihi jiray  Queen Victoria. Waxaa hadaladiisa ka mid ahaa hadal dheer ka dib.  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Waxaan Dr. Hiraabe ku oran lahaa hadduu iga maqlayo. Waxaa sideedaba caado u ah bini'aadamigu markay ku fashilmaan inay maareeyaan dhibaatada uga timaada waayaha dunida, inay eedeeda dusha u saaraan qof, qabiil, ama maamul xili hore jirey si ay marmarsiinyo ugu helaan fashilkooda, ama ay isaga duwaan eedeynta uga imaanaysa ummadooda iyo taariikh xumida ay ka dhaxlayaan maaro- uweynta noloshooda adag. Waxaan taas uga danleeyahay fashilka ku dhacay Koonfurta Soomaaliya iyo u caal helid la'aanta ay u caal heli waayeen inay maareeyaan noloshooda ayaad arkaysaa in Dr. Hiraabe uu maalin walba oo uu qoraal ku soo daabaco majaladaha internetka ayuu dhibaatada Somaaliya ku dhacday iyo sida ay uga quusteen inay xal u helaan noloshooda ayuu dambigoo dhan dusha ka saaraa Suldaan Yuusuf Cali (Keynadiid) iyo madaxweyne Cabdullaahi Yuusuf oo labadoodaba uu ku eedaynayo inay xiriir la lahaayeen Talyaaniga iyo Ethopia. Dr. Hiraabe inkastoo uu u muuqdo nin aqoon bartay marka la fiiriyo xarfaha Dr. ee ka horeeya magaciisa haddana u malayn maayo inuu taariikhda Suldanadaas waxbadan ka akhriyey. Waa muhiim in maskaxda lagu haysto ceebayn kasta iyo xumaan kasta oo looga been sheego ummad taariikh leh inaysan sida loo rabo aanay u soconayn maxaa yeelay taariikhda dunidu soo martay waxaa laga heli karaa meelo badan oo dunida dacaladeeda ah. Dr. Hiraabe uguma horeyn dembi u yeelida taariikhdii Suldaan Keynadid oo Akadeemiyihii Soomaaliya xiligii dowladnimadu jirteyba aad ayaa looga been sheegi jirey suldanadaas iyadoo lagu sheegay inay ahayd saldanadaasi midii u horseeday gumaysiga Talyaaniga inay gumaystaan Soomaaliya.   Madxafkii qaranka Soomaaliyeed ayaa la dhigay taariikho la farsameeyey oo lagu ceebaynayey saldanooyinkii Majeerteenka, raadiyo Muqdisho ayaa horseed u noqday ceebayntaas, Ina Faarax Cali Idaajaa iyo Aw-jaamac Cumar Ciise ayaa qormooyin iyo codad macmacaan oo dhiiri gelinaya ceebayntii Saldanooyinkaas nooga jalbeebin jirey Raadiyo Muqdisho iyo buugaagtii laga qoray dhacdooyinkii soomalida soo maray, iyagoo kuwo aan taariikh la sheego lahayn oo shaqadoodu ahayd inay geelna dhacaan gabdhana la baxsadaan nooga dhigi jirey inay xadaarad muujiyeen. Gartood bay ahayd oo xiligaas waxaa dalku raadinayey in la qoro waxuun taarikh fiican ah iyadoo aan haddana la doonaynin in la qoro taariikhdii Majeerteen oo iyaga loo arkayey in dawladay ku badnaayeen cinqilaab looga qaatay xukunka. Dhalin yaro uu ka mid yahay Hebel Ingiriisi ayaa "Hala rooro run mooday", oo qoraal ku qoran luuqada Ingiriiska nagu maaweeliyey in dhibaatadii gumaysigu Soomali u keenay inuu ka danbeeyey Suldaan Keynadid. Sideetamaadkii ayaan anigoo dugsigga sare (Form One) ah sidii caadadu ahayd subax aroortii soo galay iskoolkaygii  (21 Oktoobar) ee Waaberi, markaan kursigaygii fariistay ayaa laba gabdhood oo fadhiyey kursiga iga horeeya dib ii soo fiiriyeen oo weliba inta qosleen oo garbaha isku jiideen dib iiga sii jeesteen, waxaan la yaabay waxay iigu qosleen waxaan is iri armaad shaatiga cad kuleetigiisa aad yaanyo iyo canjeelo ku wadataa, hoosbaan isu dhugtay bal inaan saliid caday aan subaxaas ku soo quraacday aan afka ku wato, mar kale ayaan is iri armay tahay shukaansi bilowgiis oo xiligaas nagu cusbaa xagga da'da. Ileen shalay oo aan iskoolka ka maqnaa ayaa macalinkii Taariikhda noo dhigayey wuxuu aad u amaanay dadaalkii iyo gumaysi diidkii Sayid Maxamed, isagoo macalinku uu sheegay in dhibaatada gumaysigaba ay keeneen Boqor Cismaan Maxamuud iyo Keynadiid, oo dhalinyarada ayaa mindhaa magacyga meesha ugu danbaysa ku maqli jirey marka la is-yeerinayo (Keynadiid) oo waxay iigu qoslayaanba waa ceebaynta lagu muujiyey magacayga.   Nasiib wanaag Buugaagtii ay qorayaasha dunidu ka qortay dhacdooyinkii Soomaaliya intooda badan waxaa laga qoray Saldanadii Yuusuf Cali ee Hobyo, M. M. Morino, I.M. Louise, David Laitin, Andrawizky, Robert Hess, iyo dhamaan qorayaashii caanka noqday ee Soomali wax ka qoray ayaa Suldanadii Keynadid aad us oo bandhigay, waxaana buugaagtaas laga helayaa Laybareeriyada ugu caansan dunida. Waa runtiis Dr. Hiraabe iyo kuwa lamid ahi inay yiraahdaan Keynadiid wuxuu heshiis ilaalin(Protectorates) ah uu la galay dowladii Talyaaniga ee xiligaas jirtey, Laakiin ma aysan sheegin sababta ku kaliftay suldaanka inuu heshiis la galo Talyaaniga, muxuuse ahaa heshiisku, iyo inuusan Keynadid ahayn qofkii keenay Talyaani wadanka Somaliya. Bal aynu ka akhrino sababta uu heshiiskaas u galay suldaanku dukumentigii la hordhigay baarlamaanka Talyaaniga ee uu qoray ninkii heshiiska la saxiixday Suldaanka oo magaciisu ahaa (Vincenzo Filonardi) sidii Dr. Hiraabe u sheegayba When Sultan Yusuf Ali of Obbia requested Italian Protection in December, 1888, Vincenzo Filonardi saw apportunity to extended his commercial interest in to Northren Somalia, A region known for it's Ostrich Feathers and incense. Filonardi was aware that Yusuf Ali was wanted Italian support in his long dispute with the Sultan of Zansibar over the border region north of Warsheekh. Ka sii akhri sheekadaan qoraalkii ay qoreen Felonardi iyo Crispi (ra'iisal wasaarihii Talyaaniga xiligaas).  Vincenzo Filondari was the first ambassador to Zanzibar established a fishing port which he named Itala, (Xasuuso Itala wuxuu u bixiyey magaaldii ay isku horfadhiyeen Keynadid iyo Siciid barqash ee u dhow magaalada Warsheekh)  Felonardi iyo Crispi, labaduma waxay cadeeyeen in danta uu Suldaanku ka lahaa xiriirka Talyaaniga iyo isaga inay ahayd in Talyaanigu Suldaanka ka caawiyo qabsashada uu doonayey inuu qabsado magaalooyinka uu Saciid Barqash ku sii fidayey, gaar ahaan magaalada Mruti ee Degmada Warsheek ka tirsan, Danta uu Talyaanigu kalahaa heshiiska Suldanadana waxay ku sheegeen inuu Talyaanigu rabay in ganacsigiisu ku fido gobolada Waqooyi Bari. Talaayingu heshiiskaas ay Suldaanka lagelayeen way dadajiyeen oo markiiba waxay u direen xeebta Hobyo markab dagaal, si ay suldaanka heshiiska Maxmiyada ula dhigtaan, bal sii akhri qoraalkaas sababta Talyaaniga ku khasabtay inuu Hobyo aad u caawiyo ayaa waxay ku sheegeen Felonardi iyo Crisp labaduba inay fariin ka heleen Ingiriiska, lagu sheegayo in Maraakiibta dagaalka ee Faransiisku ay ka gudbeen Canalka Sweys iyagoo u sii jeeda xeebaha Soomaaliya si ay u qabsadaan, taasoo Talyaanigu ka cabsi qabay in Faransiisku qabsado Somaliya kadibna u gudbo dhulka Ereteria iyo Libiya oo Talyaanigu haystay.  Ka akhri dhacdooyinkaas (Filonardi, Zansibaar, to Crisp December 17 1888, libro Verde, doc.2 p.27) On December 12,1888 a deligation from Yusuf Ali, Suldan of Obbia arrive in Zansibar and requested the protection of Italy. The immediate background of the requeste was a disbute between Yusuf Ali and Sultan of Zansibar over the status of the little village of Mruti, not far from the Zansibari enclave at Warsheik. Prime Minster Crispi immediately order a naval mission "for the purpose of decelaring the Italian protectorate, and there was an additional reason for speed: A franch squadron  was passing through the Suez Canal for an unknown destination, Italian Sources in London suggested that the Franch ships might be heading toward the Somali Coast. Dr. Hiraabe iyo akhyaarta la midka ah ee ka dhigay in Suldaan Keynadiid uu gumaysi u horseeday Soomaliya maxaa geeyey Saciid Barqash magaalada Warsheekh, miyeysan ogayn in gumaysigu Koonfurta Somaliya haystay ka hor intaan Keynadid iyo Talyaaniguba is aqoon, Siciid Barqash ma soomaali buu ahaa, yaa siiyey Siciid Barqash magaalooyinka Kismaayo, Barava, Marka, Mogdhisho, iyo Warsheekh. Daawo khariidadii lagu muujiyey in Saldanooyinkii Majeerteen iyo Hobyo inay ahaayeen saldanooyin la ilaaliyey (Protectorate) halka khariidada hoose ay muujinayso in Soomaliyda Koonfureed ay ahaayeen Dhul lagumaysto (Itaalian Occupation) Waa khariidad muujinaysa magaalada Warsheekh ilaa gobolka Nugaal cirifkiisa inay ka jirtay saldanadii Keynadid iyo tii Boqor Cismaan oo labadaba lagmuujiyey inay ahaayeen Northren Protectorates. Filonardi saw apportunity to extended his commercial interest in to Northren Somalia. Ereygaan kor ku qoran ee ku xusnaa qoraalkii Dowlada Talyaanigu ka diyaarisay dhacdadii heshiiska ee Keynadid iyo Filonardi, waxa ay ku sheegeen in Filonardi uu jaanis ganacsi u arkay inuu ka helayo waqooyiga Somaliya, (Ma ahan Koonfurta oo iyada awal buu Iska haystay) oo Siciid Barqash ayaaba ka gaday Talyaaniga, u faham heshiiska Keynadid wuxuu ku salaysnaa dhinaca Waqooyi Bari oo keliya Oo haddii heshiiska Talyaaniga iyo Suldaan Keynadid ka hor gobolada Koonfur lahaystey sidee buu Keynadid ku keenay Talyaaniga dhulka Somaliyeed, ilaa magaalada Warsheek ayaaba lahaystay Keynadid heshiiskiisa ka hore.    Ama ku qanac ama haku qancine Suldaan Keynadid wuxuu heshiiska ula galay Talyaaniga si uu isaga dhiciyo dagaalkii uu kula jirey Suldaankii mudad Soomaaliya iska haystay ee Zansibaar(Said Barqash) oo ay ciidamadoodu isku hor fadhiyeen magaalada Warsheekh, ku darsoo Talyaanigu heshiiska uu lagalay Keynadiid wuxuu ahaa xagga ganacsigga iyo inuu Talyaanigu helo baalasha Gorayada iyo waxyaabaha udgoon oo uu dhulkaasi lahaa iyo in Keynadiid laga caawiyo haddii lagu soo duulo saldanadiisa. Xasuuso in xiligaas Soomaaliya la qaybsanayey ka dib heshiiskii Barliin ee Africa lagu qaybsaday, xasuuso in Suldaan Keynadiid ay xiligaas isku marnaayeen Minilikhii Ethopia, Boqorkuu adeerka u ahaa ee Majeerteenya, iyo Suldaankii Siciid Barqash ee dhulka ugu khayraadka badan ee Soomaliya haystay. Xasuuso in heshiika keynadid ku salaysnaa in Talyaanigu Ganacsigiisa Soomaliya xafiis uga furto Hobbyo, inuu keensado qunsul u fadhiya Hobyo danaha Talyaaniga, in xafiiska ganacsiga ee Talyaaniga la suro calanka Talyaaniga iyo in Suldaanka ganacsigaas laga siiyo sanadkiiba intuu macaash sameeyo ganacsigaasi. Waxaa yaableh in Keynadiid lagu tilmaamay inuu gumaysi soomaaliya keenay iyadoo laga soo bilaabo 1828 uu Muqdisho, Marka, Barave, iyo Kismaayo uu xoog ku haystey Suldaankii Oman ee Siciid Barqash isagoo ku tiirsanaa awooda Ingiriiska (British Protoctarte), weliba dhulkeena ka qaadan jirey hantida iyo dhaqaalaha ugu balaaran ee koonfurtu hodanka ku tahay, bal akhri (Early colonial History). 1823 a squadron of Sayid Said's Ship called at Mogadisho and order the city to pay homage to the Omani Sultanate, who also controlled Zansibar and much of the coast farther South.  Sultan Barghash bin Said. In 1828, Mogadishu had to surrender to Omani forces. In 1841, with the partitioning of the Sultanate of Oman, Mogadishu became part of the Sultanate of Zanzibar. When Mogadishu was visited by French traveller Charles Guillain in 1846-1848, Mogadishu was dependent on both the Sultanate of Zanzibar and the Somali Geledi Clan. Markii ugu horeysey ee uu Talyaanigu dan gumeysi ka yeesho Soomaaliya waxay ahayd March 17 1885 Ka dib markuu Talyaanigu uu qabsaday Ereteria kana dhigay maxmiyad uu u taliyo. ayuu markii ugu horeysey sahan ku tagay dhulkay ka talinayeen Saldanooyinkii Majeerteen halkaas oo uu dagaal kala kulmay kadibna uu dib uga laabtay. Ka  aqri dhacdadaan buuga uu qoray David Laitin ee (Politics, Language and Thought) bogga 58aad oo oranaya. May 1885, a few months after Assab was bought from Rubattino, and Massawa was annexed, both forming a new Protectorate of Eritrea" Meanwhile, Italian Explorers where getting their bearings. George Revoil explored the Majerteen, but during his first Trip inland he met sufficient hostility to force him to return to the cost. Xasuuso isla sanadkaas markuu tagayey Antonio Cecchi gobolkii xiligaas lagu magacaabi jirey Jubba ee ay ka tirsanaayeen magaalooyinka Mogadisho, Kismaayo, Barava, iyo Marka iyadoo uu Talyaanigu u aqoonsanaa magaalooyinkaas kuwo uu ka taliyo Saciid Barqashkii Zansibar, ayuu haddana Cecchi wuxuu ku tilmaamay dhulkaas Jubooyinka dhul manaafacaad iyo khayraad badan leh. He Wrote, Passionately extolling the "Rich commercial resources' Of Somalia. Antinio Cecchi wax dan ah kama lahayn xiligaas inuu qabsado gobolada Jubooyinka maxaa yeelay Filonardi oo isagu markaas ahaa qunsulka Talyaaniga u fadhiya Zansibaar ayaa ganacsi balaaran kula jirey Suldaanka Zansibaar halkaasoo ay dowlada Talyaanigu ka helaysey 233,000 oo lire sanadkiiba gobolka Jubba. Dowladaha waaweyn ee Ingiriiska, Talyaaniga, Jarmalka, iyo Faransiiskuba u tartanka ay u tartamayeen Soomaaliya meelaheeda khayraadka leh awgeed, Bishii Agoosto 1885 ayuu Jarmalku u soo diray 5 markab oo ka duqeeya xagga badda  suldaankii Zansibaar si uu ugu khasbo inuu suldaanku ogolaado in dowlada Jarmalku kor ka xukunto dhulka uu Saciid Barqash haysto ee ay Somali ku jirto. Siciid Barqash wuxuu ka waayey kaalmadii uu ka rabay dowlada Ingiriiska si uu uga faa'iidaysto Talyaaniga ugana helo kaalmo uu uga hortago Jarmalka ayuu Talyaaniga si hadiyad ah u siiyey Magaalada Kismaayo,(Keynadid ma isagaa keenay Gumaysiga lagu kala gadanayey Soomaliya, Xiligaas Talyaani iyo Keynadiid isma aqoon, xasuuso Keynadiid wuxuu heshiiska la saxiixday Talyaaniga 1888 afar sano ka dib xiligii Talyaaniga laga gaday Kismaayo). Filonardi wuxuu sheegay nacaybka iyo cabsida uu Suldaanka Zansibaar ka qabo dowladii Jarmalka inay isaga u noqondoonto albaab uu ka galo hanashada qayb kamid ah Soomaliya oo uu ka macaashi doono, Suldaanka Zansibaarna waxay u ahayd inuu isku jabiyo quwadaha waaweyn ee yurub oo xiligaas gumeysi ba'an ku hayey Africa, iskana horkeeno Talyaaniga iyo Jarmalka si uu isagu u sii haysto dhulka uu xooga ku qabsaday oo ay koonfurta Somaliya ka mid ahayd. Ka dheeho sheekadaan buuga (Italian Colonial ee uu qoray Robert Hess, bogga 20; ee The Diplomacy of Imperialism)  Filonardi wrote that the Sultan "Hated and Feared the Germans....not only would he be pleased if Italy took possession of the Somali Region, but he would support it wholeheartedly". He claim the circumstances give Italy an unforeseen opportunity to acquire the Somali region at small Cost. Filonardi was not mistaken. in September, Said Barqash offered Kismayu to Italy. Said Barqash, his one hope lay in playing the Europeans off against each other. In kastoo markii hore uu Talyaanigu ka baqay inuu la wareego Kismaayo haddana heshiiskaasi wuxuu fulay 1887 kii, xiligaas Keynadid iyo Talyaanigu wax xiriir ah mayasan lahayn, oo Keynadid wuxuu ahaa oday dibad wareeg ah oo caasi ku ah saldanadii qoyskiisa ee Majeerteenya, haddaba sideebuu Keynadiid gumaysigga talyaaniga u keenay Soomaaliya?. Soomaaliya dhinaceeda koonfureed waxaa la isku haystey mudo aad u  dheer oo laga soo bilaabo 1828, Lixdan sano ka hor soo bixitaankii Keynadiid. Dowladaha Masar, Suldanadii Siciid Barqash, dowladihii Ingiriiska, Faransiska, Jarmalka iyo Talyaaniga ayaa dadaal faro badan u galay dagaalo badanina ku dhexmareen inay helaan dhulka Koonfurta ah ee barwaaqada ah, maba aysan doonayn dhulka waqooyi ee abaarta ah. Haddaba sideebuu Keynadiid ku keenay Gumaysigga Talyaanigga? hadalka ah Keynadid ayaa Talyaaniga Soomaliya u keenay oo Soomaaliya gatay waa xaqiraad iyo ka been sheegid laga been sheegay taariikhda ku qoran boqolaal buug oo ku kala qoran luuqado kala duwan oo dunidda ah. Keynadiid wuxuu ciyaaray siyaasadii xiligaas ka socotay Africa ee uu isticmaalay Siciid Barqash ee uu hadba dowlad la heshiinayey si uu ugu difaacdo maamulkiisa iyo dhinaca uu xukunkiisu ka taliyo. Qalcadihii suldaanka Hobyo iyo sartii ganacsigga ee Talyaaniga. Sodon sano ayuu mandiqadii uu ka talinayey u diiday in sidii la doono laga yeelo ama la gumaysto, laga bilaabo Magaalada Warsheekh ee Muqdisho u jirta 57 KM ilaa gobolka Nugaal halka uu kaga darmo gobolka Mudug ilaa iyo magaalada xeebta ah ee Caluula ayuu ka ilaashay gumaysi, ilaa isaga laga qabsaday saldanadiisii (October 1925) na magaalooyinkaasi waxay ahaayeen kuwa ka madaxbanaan gumaysigii soomaliya qaybsaday. Xiligii Keynadiid magaalooyinka Hobyo, Xarar-dheer, iyo Ceel-huur intuba waxay ahaayeen magaalooyin can ahaa oo dhaqaalaha iyo noloshuba ay aad u sareeyaan, bal maanta eeg aaway magaalooyinkaasi. Intay sharafta ka dileen ayey noqdeen magaalooyin dibu dhac badani ka muuqdo, waxay ilaaween in lagula xisaabtami doono sharaf-dhaca ay u geysteen magaaloyinkaas loo badaley meel lagu dhaco maraakiibta badda kala gooshta, qoraal kastoo aad ka akhrisid magaalooyinkaas maanta waa dil iyo wax la dhacay ama afduub loo haysto. Keynadid wuxuu heshiis lagalay Ingiriiska (British Protoctarte) wuxuu heshiis lagalay Jarmalka (German Protoctarte) wuxuu lagalay Talyaaniga, intuba waxay ahayd inuu ilaaliyo magaalooyinkii xukunkiisu ka jirey, uuna helo haddba dowlad ka difaacda xukunkiisa dowladihii awooda lahaa ee xooga ku boobayey Africa. Waxaa kaloo layaab leh weligeed lama sheegin dad kale ama madax kale oo Soomaaliyeed oo iyaguna dowladahaas lagalay heshiis, buugtii laga qoray taariikhda Daraawiishta weligeed lama sheegin in Sayid Maxamed noqday Italian Protoctarte. iyadoo meel walba lagu qoray in Sayid Maxamed uu noqday maamulkii sadexaad ee Waqooyiga ee Talyaaniga lagalay heshiis ilaalin ah (Protoctarte). Laakiin Oktobar 16 iyo 17 keedii 1904 Maxamed Cabdulle Xassan wuxuu lakulmay Giulio Pestalozza magaalada Illig ee xaruntii Daraawiishta xiligaas ahayd wuxuuna ku yiri Talyaanigii, "Anigga iyo dadkaygyba waxaan rabnaa inaanu noqono dadka dowladda Talyaaniga raacsan waanan ku tiirsanaanaynaa dowladiina haddaad asxaan noo samaynaysaan magaalana nooga dhisaysaan meel ka mid ah dhulka xeebta ah. Talyaanigu heshiiskaas uu Sayidka lagalay intuusan waxba ka qaban ayuu kala tashaday dowladda Ingriiska, Saldanadii Boqor Cismaan, iyo Saladanadii Keynadid in Sayidka la siin karo meel xeeb ah, ogolaansho looga helay Sayidka maamuladii xiligaas jirey ayaa lagu dejiyey Daraawiishtii Sayidka gobolka Nugaal iyo xeebta Eyl.  hoos Ka akhri buuga uu qoray Caroselli, ee magaciisu yahay "Ferro e Fuoco" e Somalia, pp.78-79 On October 16 and 17, 1904 Mohamed Abdulle met Giulio Pestalozza at Illig, and the Italian consul listned to what he had say. Muhhamed Abdullah was resentfull of both the English and the Majjertein Somalia and was willing to negotiate for Peace. "My people and I will be the Italian goverment's people, and we shall be dependent on it, if it will favor us.....and permit us to build a town on the coast, after obtaining the Approval of Obbia Suldanate, Mijjertein Suldanate and Great Britain, Pestalozza returned to Illig to conclude negotiations with the dervish leader. On March 5, 1905 Pestalozza and Muhammed Abdullah signed a peace Treaty, The Mad Mullah was given the Nogal territory between Obbia and Mijjertein and was recognized as the lawful ruler of a third Italian Protectorate in Northern Somalia. Maxaa sayidka ku kelifay inuu noqdo Italian Protectorate, waxa ku kalifay waa danta ku kaliftay Saciid Barqash, Keynadid, iyo Boqor Cismaan, iyo Africa oo dhanba, inay ku ilaashadaan maamulkooda hoose maadama aysan u babac dhigi karin xoogagii ku soo duulayey Africa. waxaa ku kalifay waa dagaalada iyo kala jiidashada quwadihii waaweynaa ee xiligaas Africa gumaysanayey, oo si aad u noolaato dadkaaguna u badbaado ayey raggaasi maalinba dowlad xoog leh hoos galayeen si ay u badbaadaan, maxaa Keynadid u diiday Protactionkaas. Haddaad sii akhrisid buugaas kore waxaad xaqiiqsanaysaa in Soomaalida oo dhan intii xiligaas waxuun xadaarad ah lahaa ay hadba dowladahaas waaweyn mid hoos galayeen, bal fiiri Markuu Boqor Cismaan ka codsaday dowladda Turkiga inay u noqoto Protectorate ka dib markuu la diriray Talyaaniga oo uu talyaanigu uga eexday Keynadid, dagaalkii ay ku dagaalameen Boqorka iyo Suldaanku Magaalada xeebta ah ee Alulla oo ay gacan kuhaynteeda labada suldaan isku hayeen, nasiib daro Talyaaniga ayaa dhexda ka helay codsigii Boqorka ee ku socday Turkiga ka dibna warqadii maba aysan gaarin dowladda Turkiga. Bal eeg sida qoyska Wacaysle uu ugu jirey Ilaalintii (Protectorate) Talyaaniga, intuusan Keynadid qabsan Harardheere iyo Ceel Huur sii akhri buuga. October 1897, during the period of temporary, direct governmental control, royal Commissioner Extraordinary Giorgio Sorrentino discovered that Yusuf Ali Keynadid intended to gain control of Harardera, sixty miles southwest of obbia, the Waesle tribesmen of the district had already placed themselves under Italian Protection, and Sorrentino was confronted with a choice between the Waesle and the Obbians. but in 1897 the Italian were weak, and Sorrentino came to the sad conclusion that "It would not be opportune to make an issue of it, and Italians could not effectively intervene in northren matters and they sucrificing the Waesle. Makuu muuqataa in siyaasada saldanooyinkaas iyo gaaladii wadanka boobaysey inay maalinba meel isu rogaysey. Weligay ma arag meel lagu sheegayo xiriirkii ka dhexeeyey Labadii saldano ee Hobyo, Majeerteenya iyo Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xassan iyo Daraawiishtiisii. Dadka xiliyadii danbe wax qorida bartay ee u qaatay inay wax sax ah qoreen way ku khaldameen inay mar kasta ku sheegaan saldanooyinkaas inay cadow u keeneen Soomaaliya oo ay iyagu bilaabeen gaalo wadanka la keeno. haddaynu aragnay Koonfur inay gumaysi ku jirtey oo khayraadkeedii ay iska qaateen Suldaan ka yimid Cuman oo wata ingiriis iyo Jarmal maxaa u diidayey inuu Keynadid ama Boqor Cismaan inay doontaan wadamo reer Yurub ah oo ilaaliya deegaankooda iyo danahooda. Mise Soomaalidu waxay diidan tahay in Keynadiid qabsado dhul soomaaliyeed oo uu xaq u leeyahay halka ay u ogolyihiin Siciid Barqash inuu beeraha ku fasho oo uu biyaha ku dulmaro kana ganacsado, waxay ilaaween inuusan Keynadiid cidna ka ganacsan ee askartii u shaqayn jirtey uu kala yimid Tansania iyo zansibaar, naa'ibyadii saladanada u hayeyna ay qabiil walba oo Soomaaliyeed ku jireen. Saldanadiisu inkastoy ahayd Saldanada keliya ee wasiiradeedu/Naa'ibayadeedu ka koobnaayeen Soomaali oo dhan haddana weligeed lama sheegin meelna laguma qorin. Buugta laga qoray Taariikhdii Daraawiishta waxaa la sheegaa in saldanooyinkii Majeerteen ay cadow ku ahaayeen Daraawiishtii u halgamaysey Xornimada laakiin waxay xaasidnimo uga tageen dhacdooyinkii xiligaas la qoray. Bal dib u akhri wixii uu qoray qunsulkii Ferdinando Febaraayo 20keedii 1903 pos.59/3, f.43. Markii General W.H. Manning oo dowlada Ingiriiska u ahaa difaacaha waqooyiga Soomaliya uu ku eedeeyey in Yusuf Cali Keynadid uu daraawiishta hab-dhaqankooda iyo hawsha dagaal ee ay wadaan uu jeclaysanayo kuna raacsan yahay ayuu talyaaniga ka codsaday in gacanta loo soo geliyo Yusuf Cali iyo Wiilkiisa, kadibna uu  Lovatelli uu ogolaaday in la qabto Keynadid oo ingiriiska gacanta loo geliyo, halkaasoo suldaanka lagu xiray Caddan oo laftigeedu ahayd (British Protectorate). Mudo kadibna Suldaankii iyo wiilkiisiiba loo soo wareejiyey Ereteria oo iyada laftigeedu ahayd Italian Protectorate, nasiib wanaag u qaybsanihii arimaha dibada talyaaniga ee Suldaanka xiray ayaa waxaa bedelay captan lagu magacaabo Eugenio di Robiate kaasoo markii danbe ka shakiyey sida uu Ingiriisku ugu soo durkayo dhanka Somalida gaar ahaan meelihii saldanooyinku ka jireen, sababtuna ay ahayd Daraawiishta oo ku soo dhuumanaysey dhinaca Mudug iyo Bariba. Ka dibna Eugenio wuxuu amar ku siiyey Carlo Mirabello inuu dib ugu celiyo saldanadii Cali Yuusuf ee Hobyo si talyaanigu kaalmo uga helo Cali Yuusuf. Bal eeg lama qorin in daraawiishba jiritaankeedu uu ka bilowday taageeradii uu siiyey Boqor Cismaan ila akhri buuga lagu magacaabo Mohamed abdulle Hassan, A Reassessment, "Somalia Chronical(Mogadishu) November 13 1957 ee uu qoray ninka lagu magacaabo J.J. Vianney, bogga 4aad. 1899, Sayid Maxamed oo ahaa hogaamiyaha dariiqada Saalixiya ee waqooyigga Somalia ayaa dagaal kharaar kala horyimid dowlada ingiriiska, ingiriiskuna wuxuu iclaamiyey dagaal balaaran oo uu ku tirtiro wadaadadaas, dhaqdhaqaaqii daraawiisheed ayaa isaguna sida dabkii uga iftiimay una saameeyey gobolada waqooyi iyo waqooyi bariba. Boqor Cismaan isagoo ka faa'iidaysanaya garabka uu kaheli doono daraawiishta oo u badnaa qoyska Daarood ayuu markii ugu horeysey u qaybiyey hub iyo qoryo si qarsoodi ah looga soo qaaday dalka Jabuuti oo isaguna ahaa (Franch Protectorate). The Dervish Movements spread like wildfire and become very powerfull in the North, in hopes of gaining an ally, Osman Mahamud began to sell Muhammed Abdulah some of the rifles he had smuggled in from Djibouti in Franch Somaliland. Bal eeg Haddii uu sayid Maxamed dagaal ku qaaday Ethopianka magaalada la yiraahdo Jigjiga bishii March 1900 oo uu cabsi geliyey in Ethopianka laga qabsado magaalada Harrar la soco in afar sano ka hor 1896 ay markii ugu horeysey ku heshiiyeen Boqor Cismaan iyo adeerkiis Keynadiid inay ka faa'iidaystaan dagaalka dhexmaray Talyaaniga iyo Ethopia oo ay Talyaaniga u balanqaadaan inay keenayaan ciidamo labadooda dhinac ah si ay u qabtaan magaalada Harrar. Ka akhri arkiifiyada (Archivio storico dell'ex Ministerio dell'africa Italiana) dacdooyinkaas siday isugu mid ahaayeen. 1896 a year of crisis for Italian colonialism in Ethiopia and Southren Somalia, The Northren Somalia Sultanates remained Loyal, acting together, Yusuf Ali Keynadid and Osman Mohamud even proposed sending an expedition against Harrar, they claimed that the Ogaden Somali would rise against the Ethopians and join forces with the invaders. They promise that Obbia and Mijjeertein would rise some fifty thousand warriors, if only the Italians would agree to furnish them with rifles and ammunition. Dhacdooyinkaasi intay dhacayeen oo dhan koonfurta Soomaaliya oo dhan waxaa gumaysanayey Zansibaar oo garab ka haysta Talyaaniga iyo Ingiriiska waxay ka qaadan jireen dhaqaalaha ugu badan ee Soomaaliya laga helo, waxaa dagaalkii ugu badnaa uu dulsaarnaa qabiilada biyamaal, Hintire iyo Wacdaan oo iyagu sku dayayey inay gumaysiga ka qaataan dhulka koonfureed, waxaa dhiigu galaclaynayey magaalooyinka Marka Baravo, Wala uwain, xaafadaha Lafoole iyo Afgooye ayaa ka caal waayey inay dib u hantiyaan magaalooyinka saciid Barqash iska haysto. Baabi'intii Saldanooyinkii Majeerteen ee uu Talyaanigu baabi'iyey, (Saldanadii Hobyo October 1925) iyo qabsashadii uu Talyaanigu qabsaday saldanadii Majeerteenya ee (Boqor Cismaan 1927) waxay Soomaaliya gaarsiisay in guud ahaan dhulkeeda lagu tilmaamo wadan la gumaystey halka intay jireen saldanooyinkaasi Somaliya lagu tilmaami jirey in qaar ka mid ah Somaliya la gumaysto, ka daawo khariidadan hoose, oo laga bilaabo Kismaayo ilaa magaalo u dhow Warsheekh ayaa lagu muujiyey in talyaanigu gumaystay, (Italian Occupation) (taasoo tilmaamaysa inaan dhulkay Saldanooyinku ka jireen aan la gumaysan intay saldanooyinku hasten ee ay ahaayeen (Italian Protectorate not Italian Occupation). isagoo dhan ka akhri dhacdooyinkaas buuga The Collapse of somali National State:The Colonial Factor, ee uu qoray Abdisalam Issa (Bin-Salwe) qaybta (North-eastern Sultanates of Majeerteen and Hobyo).  (October 1925, Sultan Yusuf Ali surrendered), Inkastoo saraakiishii suldaanku dagaal kula jireen Talyaaniga. On 9 November, the Italian fear was realised when a mutiny, led by one of the military chiefs of Sultan Ali Yusuf, Omar Samatar, recaptured El-Buur. Soon the rebellion expanded to the local population. The region went into revolt as El-Dheere also came under the control of Omar Samatar. The Italian forces tried to recapture El-Buur but they were repulsed. On 15 November the Italians retreated to Bud Bud and on the way they were ambushed and suffered heavy casualties.   (It was only early 1927 when they finally succeeded in shutting the northern coast of the sultanate, Boqor Osman Mohamud.) In December 1925, led by the charismatic leader Hersi Boqor, son of Boqor Osman, the sultanate forces drove the Italians out of Hurdia and Haafuun, Later Boqor Osman was exiled to Muqdisho. With the elimination of the north-eastern sultanates and the breaking of the Benaadir resistance, from this period henceforth, Italian Somaliland was to become a reality. The partition of Somaliland was already shaping during this period and the fate of the Somalis was at the mercy of the colonial powers. Dhacdooyinkaan kor ku qorani waxay cadayn u yihiin burburkii Saladnooyinka iyo labadaii Suldaan ee Muqdisho lagu soo xiray inay horseeday in guud ahaan Somaliya uu Talyaani qabsado, dib danbana loo arag meel ama maamul soomaaliyeed oo gobol Soomaliyeed ka dhisan. Haddii marka Africa oo dhami ay ahayd Protectorate, oo Koonfurta Soomaaliya lagu haystey Protectorate iyagoo weliba hantidooda la iska qaato, Boqorna iska haysto, maxaa Keynadid loogu saariyey dhibaatadii gumaysiga?, Bal haddaynu soo aragnay in koonfurta Soomaliya uu gumaysi haystay Keynadiid oo aan jirinba, bal dhinaca Waqooyiga Soomaliyana aan eegno iyagu goormay ku jireen British Protoctarate. Ka akhri Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The British Somaliland Protectorate was a British protectorate in the north part of the Horn of Africa, later part of Somalia. Egypt dominated the area in the 1870s, but withdrew in 1884, upon which the British established a protectorate and garrisoned it from Aden. The protectorate was administered from British India until 1898, then by the Foreign Office, and after 1905 the Colonial Office. Ka dib markay ka baxeen ciidamadii Masar 1884 waqooyiga soomaaliya ayuu ingiriisku jeclaystay inuu dusha ka ilaashado Somaliland, wuxuu la kulmay odayaal iyo caaqiladii xiligaas garwadeenka u ahaa, wuxuu ogolaysiiyey in ingiriisku ilaaliyo deegaankooda, sababta uu u danaynayeyna waxay ahayd isagoo rabay inuu Ingiriisku inuu qabsado ilaashadana meesha muhiimka ah ee Babul Mandabka looyaqaano oo laga ilaaliyo ahana irida laga galo Badda Cas. Markii ugu horeysey waxaa Somaliland laga xukumay lana hoos geeyey maamulkii magaalada Caddan u fadhiyey ingiriiska.(Keynadiid iyo Talyaanigu isma aysan aqoon xiligaan Somaliland laga xukmayey Caddan.) 1887-1898 ayaa Somaliland markale maamulkeeda la hoosgeeyey oo loo wareejiyey(Indian Office) dhamaadkii 1898 ayaa maamulkooda haddan loo soo gudbiyey xafiiskii Protectoratka ee Ingiriisku ka furay Barbara. 1888 ayay ahayd xiliguu Keynadiid Talyaaniga ka codsaday inuu maxmiyadiisa ilaaliyo, sidaas oo ay tahay ayaa isla xiligaas ingiriiskii iyo faransiiskii ku heshiiyeen inay waqooyiga Soomaaliya xukunkooda hoosgeeyaan(Anglo-Franch agreement). Xiligaas oo uu Ingiriisku ku qiyaasay dadka deeganaa Somaliland inay dhamaayeen 300,000 oo qof, oo dad baadiye u badnaa, waxaa xeebaha waqooyi wax ka degenaa xiligaas dad Hindi iyo arab isugu jira, lacagah laga isticmaali jireyna waxay ahayd lacagta (Indian Rupee) ilaa uu ka yimid wadadkii daraawiisheed 1901kii waxay ahaayeen dad nabad ku nool kuna hoos jira maxmiyadii Ingiriiska. Haddaba haddii Koonfurta Somaliya, waqooyiga Soomaaliya, Daraawiishtii Sayid Maxamed iyo guud ahaan Africada Madow oo idil ay ku jireen Protectorate maxaa Eeda saaray Keynadiid?. Waxaa eeda saaray Keynadiid waa dhibsashada ay dadka qaarkiis dhibsadaan taariikhdiisii, taariikhdaasoo inteeda badan ku salaysnayd xadaarad uu bulshadiisii xiligaas dheeraa iyadoo Soomaalidu ay wada hurudo ayuu meel cidlo ah Saldano caan noqotay ka aasaasay, wuxuu soo gaaray weliba danaynayey inuu xukumo ilaa Kismaayo wuxuu u quuri la'aa Siciid Barqash oo carab ahi inuu iska haysto dalkiisa wuxuuna cayaaray sidii uu cayaaray Siciid Barqash oo ahayd in saldanadiisa uu ku ilaashado awoodihii xiligaa Africa gumeynayey. Waxaa la yiri (Awoowga aan wax horumar ah qaban intuu noolaa, awlaadiisu waxay ka dhaxlaan inay caayaan Awowgii wax qabtay). Weligiin ma maqasheen dadbaa laga gumaystay Hobyo, kahor intaan la burburin Saldanadii Keynadiid, Hobyo iyo deegaanaduu xukumay waxay ka mid ahaayeen magaalooyinka ugu caansan geeska Africa. weligoodna aan arag dhibaato gumaysi. Keynadid hal mid ayaan dhaliil ugu haynaa dhaliishaas oo ahayd sababta uu uga qabsan waayey Siciid Barqash dhulka Koonfurta ah ee uu iska gumaysto isagoo isticmaalaya xeesha Siciid Barqash ee ahayd in dowladihii xooga weynaa uu u isticmaalo hanashada Soomaalida Koonfureed. Soomaaliya haddayba taariikh yar ah leedahay waxay ka bilaabatay Saldanadii Hobyo, waxaa markhaati ka ah, dhacdooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee Soomaaliya ka dhacay 100kii sano ee ugu danbeeyey waxaa ka masuul ahaa xubno ka mid ahaa qoyskii Saldanadaas. Burburkii Saldanada ee laburburiyey lana xiraxiray madaxdii iyo naa'ibyadii saldanada waxaa intoodii badnayd lagu soo xirxiray Xamar, nasiib wanaag dadkii halkaas la keenay waxay dib u bilaabeen raadintii xornimo Soomaaliya hesho. Bal Eeg Fartii Soomalidu qortay ee Cismaaniya oo taariikhdeeda aan weligeed buugteena laguba sheegin waxay ka soo unkantay saldanadii Mudug oo waxaa hindisay wiil uu dhalay Keynadiid, inkastooy fartaasi lahayd taariikh yaab leh haddana raggii wax qori jirey xiligii Kacaanka ama raadiyaha wax ka amaani jirey weligeed sooma qaadin sheekadeeda, kamana ay hadline wayba dhaliilayeen. Cismaan Yuusf Keynadiid (Founder of Osmania Script), iyo qoraalo lagu qoray Farta Cismaaniyada Inkastood hadaad akhrisid buuga uu qoray David Laitin ee Politics, Language, and Thought uu bogiisa 90aad uu leeyahay fartaasi waxay noqotay farta keliya ee la tartamaysey farta Carabiga iyo Talyaaniga (laatiinka). In kastoo uu I. M. Lewis uu yiri "Cismaaniyadu wexey u shaqeysey sidii shey wax kala sifeeya (catalist) ayna ku raaceen Andrezjewizky iyo Martino Morelo in Farta Cismaaniyadu ay ahayd far munaasib ku ahayd qoraalka Soomaliga, Haddana Dhibaatada ugu weyneed oo ey farta Cismaaniyada la kulantey wexey aheyd dhaqan -qabiileedka soomaaliyeed oo wax walba la saaro misaan qabiil, ayuu yiri Dr. Eenow oo falanqaynayey dhibaatadii Cismaaniyadu la kulantay. Saadaashii ay qorayaasha ajanabiga ahi ka bixiyeen fartaas ayaa lagu qeexay (Haddii Farta Cismaaniyadu ay ka saraysiiso dadka Soomaliyeed ummadaha kale ee iyagu qaatay Laatiinka, miyeysan qoyska Cismaana aysan ka saraynaynin Soomaalida kale) hadalkaas oo ay eedsatay, ahaydna sababtii ugu weyneyd ee loo diiday fartaas, walow raggii keenay in farta Gumaysiga la qoro ay diidmadood farta Cismaaniyada ku saleeyeen inaan lahayn qalab iyo makiinado lagu isticmaalo fartaan, walow xiliga ay sidaas leeyihiin ay xafiisyada SYL  yaaleen makiinado lagu qori karo farta Cismaaniyada. Bal ila eeg 13kii SYL ee xornimada aynu harsanayno keenay afar ka mid ah ayaa ka yimid saldanadii Hobyo oo yay kala ahaayeen. 1-Yaasiin Xaaji Cismaan (Aabihii iyo Maskaxdii SYL) 2-Cali Barduuro. 3-Siyidiin Xirsi Nuur. 4-Daahir X. Cismaan Oo weliba waxaad arkaysaa in afartaasba uu awoowe u ahaa Keynadiid, afartaas nin oo uu ku jiro ninkii figrada SYL keenayba. Bal fiiri Ninkii Calanka buluuga ah Hindisay Aabihiis wuxuuba ka tirsanaa saladanadii Hobyo waa Cawwaale Liibaane, halka Maxamed ku korey Mudug, weliba uu soo gaaray Saldanadii Hobyo. 1=Xusseen Kulmiye, 2=Cabdirashid Sharmarke, 3=Maxamed Cawaale 4=Cabdirisaaq X. Xuseein, 5=Muuro Bal Fiiri Ra'iisal Wasaarihii Soomaaliyada Xorta ah (Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaake) Madaxweynihii labaadna noqday wuxuu ku dhashay Xarar-Dheere, Keynadiid wuxuu u ahaa awoowe. Bal Cabdirisaaq Xaaji Xusseen fiiri reerkiisoo idil waxay ka mid ahaayeen saladanadii Mudug ee Keynadiid.      1=Sheegow, 2=Maxamed Abshir, 3=Aadan Cabdulle, 4=Cabdirisaaq, 5=Janaral Daa’uud Taliyihii ugu horeeyey ee Ciidamada Booliska ee Soomaliyada xorta ahayd (Maxamed Abshir Muuse) wuxuuba ku dhashay magaaladii labaad ee Saldanada ugu awood badnayd ee Xarar-dheer (Isla magaalduu ku dhashay Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaake) inagoo waliba og in qoyska Maxamed Abshir degaan Nugaal, isagu wuxuu ka yimid Saldanadii Hobyo. Xasuusta taariikhda Soomalida dhinacaad ka eegtidba waxaa kaaga muuqanaya taabasho ay taaba

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