Electromagnetism Physics Notes Pdf
Mauricette Atencio
A course on electromagnetism, starting from the Maxwell equations and describing their application to electrostatics, magnetostatics, induction, light and radiation. The course also covers the relativistic form of the equations and electromagnetism in materials.
An introduction to the quantum Hall effect. The first half uses only quantum mechanicsand is at a levelsuitable for undergraduates. The second half covers more advanced field theoretic techniques of Chern-Simonsand conformal field theories.
An introduction to fluid mechanics, aimed at undergraduates. The course covers the basic flows arising from the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations, including discussions of waves, stability, and turbulence.
An introduction to statistical mechanics and thermodynamics,aimed at final year undergraduates. After developing the fundamentals of the subject, the course covers classical gases, quantum gases and phase transitions.
An introduction to general relativity, aimed atfirst year graduate students. It starts with a gentle introduction to geodesics in curvedspacetime. The course then describes the basics of differential geometry before turning tomore advanced topics in gravitation.
These notes provide an introduction to the fun bits of quantum field theory, in particular those topics relatedto topology and strong coupling. They are aimed at beginning graduate students and assumea familiarity with the path integral.
An elementary course on elementary particles. This is, by some margin, the least mathematically sophisticated of all my lecture notes, requiring little more than high school mathematics. The lectures provide a pop-science, but detailed, account of particle physics and quantum field theory. These lectures were given at the CERN summer school.
A course on particle physics that most definitely uses more than high school mathematics. The lectures describe the mathematical structure of the Standard Model, and explore features of the stong and weak forces. There are also sections on spontaneous symmetry breaking and anomalies.
An introduction to N=1 supersymmetry in d=3+1 dimensions, aimed at first year graduate students. The lectures describe how to construct supersymmetric actions before unpacking the details of their quantum dynamics and dualities.
MP3/P3 Electromagnetism
Syllabus The syllabus ,contains information an outline syllabus and recommended textsLecture notes, tutorials, handouts, etc are available in two formats:
- pdf: these require acroread or some other viewer.
- PostScript: these require ghostview or some other PostScriptpreviewer to see them onscreen.
They should be printable on any PostScript printer.
The PostScript versions should be identical to theprinted lecture notes.
The first week's lectures cover material introduced in second year inDynamics and Vector Calculus and Physics 2B and it is important to revise this material as it is integral to the study of electromagnetism Therefore the Tutorial Workshops begin in Week 1
The introductory quantum field theory course at Harvard has a long history. It was famously taught by Sidney Coleman for around 3 decades. Some of Coleman's lectures can be found here. My approach to field theory is somewhat different from Coleman's, and most other field theory classes, in that I try to keep a tight focus on connection to experiment. My course focuses on modern methods, such as effective field theories and the renormalization group.
Physics 15c, The Physics of Waves is a sophomore level course for physics majors, the third in the sequence after mechanics and electromagnetism. The course includes a tremendous number of real world applicatoins, such as to the physics of color, music and communication.
Maxwell's equations may be combined to demonstrate how fluctuations in electromagnetic fields (waves) propagate at a constant speed in vacuum, c (299792458 m/s).[2] Known as electromagnetic radiation, these waves occur at various wavelengths to produce a spectrum of radiation from radio waves to gamma rays.
The term "Maxwell's equations" is often also used for equivalent alternative formulations. Versions of Maxwell's equations based on the electric and magnetic scalar potentials are preferred for explicitly solving the equations as a boundary value problem, analytical mechanics, or for use in quantum mechanics. The covariant formulation (on spacetime rather than space and time separately) makes the compatibility of Maxwell's equations with special relativity manifest. Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime, commonly used in high-energy and gravitational physics, are compatible with general relativity.[note 2] In fact, Albert Einstein developed special and general relativity to accommodate the invariant speed of light, a consequence of Maxwell's equations, with the principle that only relative movement has physical consequences.
The publication of the equations marked the unification of a theory for previously separately described phenomena: magnetism, electricity, light, and associated radiation.Since the mid-20th century, it has been understood that Maxwell's equations do not give an exact description of electromagnetic phenomena, but are instead a classical limit of the more precise theory of quantum electrodynamics.
Gauss's law describes the relationship between an electric field and electric charges: an electric field points away from positive charges and towards negative charges, and the net outflow of the electric field through a closed surface is proportional to the enclosed charge, including bound charge due to polarization of material. The coefficient of the proportion is the permittivity of free space.
Gauss's law for magnetism states that electric charges have no magnetic analogues, called magnetic monopoles; no north or south magnetic poles exist in isolation.[3] Instead, the magnetic field of a material is attributed to a dipole, and the net outflow of the magnetic field through a closed surface is zero. Magnetic dipoles may be represented as loops of current or inseparable pairs of equal and opposite "magnetic charges". Precisely, the total magnetic flux through a Gaussian surface is zero, and the magnetic field is a solenoidal vector field.[note 3]
The electromagnetic induction is the operating principle behind many electric generators: for example, a rotating bar magnet creates a changing magnetic field and generates an electric field in a nearby wire.
The original law of Ampre states that magnetic fields relate to electric current. Maxwell's addition states that magnetic fields also relate to changing electric fields, which Maxwell called displacement current. The integral form states that electric and displacement currents are associated with a proportional magnetic field along any enclosing curve.
Maxwell's addition to Ampre's law is important because the laws of Ampre and Gauss must otherwise be adjusted for static fields.[4][clarification needed] As a consequence, it predicts that a rotating magnetic field occurs with a changing electric field.[3][5] A further consequence is the existence of self-sustaining electromagnetic waves which travel through empty space.
The speed calculated for electromagnetic waves, which could be predicted from experiments on charges and currents,[note 4] matches the speed of light; indeed, light is one form of electromagnetic radiation (as are X-rays, radio waves, and others). Maxwell understood the connection between electromagnetic waves and light in 1861, thereby unifying the theories of electromagnetism and optics.
In the electric and magnetic field formulation there are four equations that determine the fields for given charge and current distribution. A separate law of nature, the Lorentz force law, describes how the electric and magnetic fields act on charged particles and currents. By convention, a version of this law in the original equations by Maxwell is no longer included. The vector calculus formalism below, the work of Oliver Heaviside,[6][7] has become standard. It is rotationally invariant, and therefore mathematically more transparent than Maxwell's original 20 equations in x,y,z components. The relativistic formulations are more symmetric and Lorentz invariant. For the same equations expressed using tensor calculus or differential forms, see Alternative formulations.
The differential and integral formulations are mathematically equivalent; both are useful. The integral formulation relates fields within a region of space to fields on the boundary and can often be used to simplify and directly calculate fields from symmetric distributions of charges and currents. On the other hand, the differential equations are purely local and are a more natural starting point for calculating the fields in more complicated (less symmetric) situations, for example using finite element analysis.[8]
The line integrals and curls are analogous to quantities in classical fluid dynamics: the circulation of a fluid is the line integral of the fluid's flow velocity field around a closed loop, and the vorticity of the fluid is the curl of the velocity field.
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