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Although King had consistently preached a message of nonviolence before his death, his assassination and widespread police brutality led younger activists to determine that a militant political approach would better serve them.
Smith and Carlos, who had won gold and bronze, respectively, agreed to use their medal wins as an opportunity to highlight the social issues roiling the United States at the time. Racial tensions were at a height, and the Civil Rights movement had given way to the Black Power movement. African-Americans like Smith and Carlos were frustrated by what they saw as the passive nature of the Civil Rights movement. They sought out active forms of protests and advocated for racial pride, Black nationalism and dramatic action rather than incremental change.
*As of 4 March 2022. Based on rolling two-year correlation of monthly returns of oil and gold. The LBMA PM fix price is used for the price of gold, and the oil prices are determined via the Bloomberg Historical Oil Price Index as well as the Bloomberg WTI Crude Oil Sub Index Total Return.
Source: Bloomberg, ICE Benchmark Administration, World Gold Council
"Futsal" started in 1930 when Juan Carlos Ceriani, a teacher in Montevideo, Uruguay, created a version of indoor football for recreation in YMCAs. This new sport was originally developed for playing on basketball courts, and a rule book was published in September 1933. Football was already highly popular in the country and after Uruguay won the 1930 World Cup and gold medals in the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics, it attracted even more practitioners. Ceriani's goal was to create a team game that could be played indoor or outdoor but that was similar to football.
The YMCA spread the game immediately throughout South America. It was easily played by everyone, everywhere, and in any weather condition, without any difficulty, helping players to stay in shape all year round. These reasons convinced João Lotufo, a Brazilian, to bring this game to his country and adapt it to the needs of physical education.
The sport began to spread across South America, and its popularity ensured the formation of a governing body in São Paulo in 1971, under the name of Federación Internacional de Fútbol de Salón (FIFUSA). FIFUSA initially comprised Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, and Uruguay, along with the World Championships. The new institution counted 32 participating countries and its first President was João Havelange joined by the secretary Luiz Gonzaga de Oliveira. In 1975, the Federation's chief passed to FIFA, and in 1980, Januário D'Alessio Neto was elected to work to make this sport recognized worldwide by supranational bodies.
FIFA wanted to promote and spread its own version of indoor football, different from the original one played in the South American countries, but they could not manage to come to an agreement with FIFUSA in the Rio de Janeiro Congress in 1989.
Turning the Apache Gold Hotel and Casino into a supplemental holding area for COVID-positive and presumptive positive patients is one of many strict laws implemented by the San Carlos Apache Tribe to help prevent the spread of COVID-19.
With a population of around 13,500 people who live on the reservation, tribal health officials say the measures taken to prevent the spread of the virus are worth the risk, and many people under quarantine or isolation are happy with the living arrangements at Apache Gold.
The increase in antibiotic resistant bacteria has raised global concern regarding the future effectiveness of antibiotics. Human activities that influence microbial communities and environmental resistomes can generate additional risks to human health. In this work, we characterized aquatic microbial communities and their resistomes in samples collected at three sites along the Bogotá River and from wastewaters at three city hospitals, and investigated community profiles and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) as a function of anthropogenic contamination. The presence of antibiotics and other commonly used drugs increased in locations highly impacted by human activities, while the diverse microbial communities varied among sites and sampling times, separating upstream river samples from more contaminated hospital and river samples. Clinically relevant antibiotic resistant pathogens and ARGs were more abundant in contaminated water samples. Tracking of resistant determinants to upstream river waters and city sources suggested that human activities foster the spread of ARGs, some of which were co-localized with mobile genetic elements in assembled metagenomic contigs. Human contamination of this water ecosystem changed both community structure and environmental resistomes that can pose a risk to human health.
It is now well recognized that the medical use of an antibiotic is inevitably followed by the appearance of resistant bacterial strains. The rise in antibiotic resistance worldwide and the menace posed by antibiotic resistant pathogens to human health have led to recent global action plans to tackle antimicrobial resistance1. Bacterial pathogens resistant to one or more antibiotics, and even to all known drug regimens, as is the case of XDR-TB2, can undermine treatments and lead to increased health care costs due to prolonged illness and hospital stays1,3. Resistant strains are responsible for a great number of deaths worldwide, with an annual death toll estimated to rise to 10 million people by 20504. The current situation is aggravated by the slow rate at which new antimicrobial drugs are being developed and by the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) both in the community and in settings where microorganisms are exposed to the selective pressure of antibiotics, such as hospitals.
Human activities, recognized as one of the main drivers of evolution in the planet9, have transformed various environments by introducing contaminants and compounds that can adversely affect ecosystems and microbial communities10. Chemicals, toxic metals and antibiotics can accumulate in the environment due to overuse or unregulated waste management practices, and can inadvertently promote the appearance of resistant bacteria11. Certain activities, such as agricultural spread of manure and sewage disposal can introduce ARGs and resistant microorganisms into the environment and create new opportunities for interaction among bacteria of human, animal and environmental origin8. Although aquatic environments are particularly important because they provide a basic resource, they receive effluents from industrial and human activities, and thus they represent a unique setting for the acquisition and spread of ARGs12, as well as for the proliferation of resistant bacteria13,14.
Several studies have looked at the influence of human activities on the presence of antimicrobial agents, resistant bacteria and ARGs in freshwater ecosystems. Antibiotics released into the environment can persist and continue to exert selective pressure for resistance determinants15,16, perhaps even at concentrations that can fall below minimal inhibitory doses17. Wastewater treatment plants, which can reduce bacterial and ARG load, can still serve as reservoirs of resistant bacteria and ARGs that may impact bacterial water communities18,19,20. Other human activities and anthropogenic pollutants, such as animal feeding and industrial and pharmaceutical wastes, have also been shown to contribute to ARG abundance and dissemination in rivers21 and in estuary sediments22. The recent use of shotgun metagenomics showed that wastewater contamination of river waters resulted in increased abundances of ARGs, mobile genetic elements and bacterial genera known to harbor pathogenic species23. A study of several lakes also found that ARGs were present even in less impacted locations, suggesting a role of these freshwater reservoirs in the spread of resistance markers24. In fact, a recent meta-analysis of lakes indicated that contamination with antibiotics and ARGs occurs on a global scale14. Overall these studies show that human activities directly affect both microbial communities and resistance genes in freshwater ecosystems, stressing the importance of efficient waste and pollutant management to limit inadvertent effects on the environment and humans.
This study provides a snapshot and brief survey of microbial communities and their resistance genes at two points in time and at geographically close sites along the Bogotá River. Sampling at additional locations, periodic sampling at the same sites, as well as greater sample volumes and depth of sequencing, would provide a broader picture of the dynamics of the microbial communities and their resistomes and allow correlation with particular environmental variables. However, our metagenomic data shows that microbial communities and the resistomes of this river ecosystem are heavily impacted by anthropogenic activities and change as a consequence of contamination. These results also illustrate how human contamination can drive the spread of ARGs in this river ecosystem and generate conditions for microbial communities and antibiotic resistance genes of diverse origins to come together, mix and disseminate, posing risk to the local population. Further work is needed, however, to understand the risk of dissemination of these determinants from contaminated sites, such as hospitals, into environmental water supplies39.
Olympic Medalists Giving Black Power Sign, 1968
Tommie Smith (center) and John Carlos (right) gold and bronze medalists in the 200-meter run at the 1968 Olympic Games. During the national anthem, they stand with heads lowered and black-gloved fists raised in the black power salute to protest against unfair treatment of blacks in the United States. Australian Peter Norman is the silver medalist (left).
There is not a gold standard for nutritional screening or for a complete nutritional assessment [20,192]. Screening tools are the first step in the nutritional care process. Some may help detect nutritional risk, others may predict clinical outcome, others do both in defined populations. There is currently no general screening tool that can predict the clinical outcome in every patient group in all care settings, due to the heterogeneity of the disease within patient groups and treatment settings [146,193]. In relation to screening, different tools emerged, and continue to do so, for the purpose of improving sensitivity and specificity to identify patients with a nutritional risk. The tools most commonly used in the hospital setting are MUST, SGA, and NRS-2002; in the outpatient setting, MUST; and in the setting of residential care, the MNA-SF [194]. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics indicates that MST is the tool that should be used in any patient, regardless of age, clinical history, or place where it is performed, based on Table 9 [195].
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