LightningMcQueen is a fictional anthropomorphic stock car and the protagonist of the Disney/Pixar Cars franchise. He was developed by John Lasseter and co-director Joe Ranft from a story concept by Jorgen Klubien. McQueen's appearances include the feature films Cars, Cars 2, and Cars 3, as well as the animated series Cars Toons and Cars on the Road. He is also a playable character in each of the Cars video game installments. Lightning is recognizable by his red body with yellow and orange lightning bolt stickers featuring his racing number on his sides. He is primarily voiced by Owen Wilson.
In Cars, Lightning begins as a talented but cocky rookie in the Piston Cup racing series who becomes stranded in the small town of Radiator Springs, where he learns about humility and friendship from the locals. Over his professional racing career he wins several Piston Cup victories. In Cars 2, he competes in the World Grand Prix, while his friend Tow Mater is unwittingly dragged into a spy mission. In Cars 3, he struggles to come to terms with retirement and assumes the role of Cruz Ramirez's mentor.
Despite receiving a mixed reaction from critics in the first film, Lightning McQueen has become the recognizable face and mascot of the Cars franchise, being widely merchandised in the form of branded toy cars and products. He has been mentioned in commentary by NASCAR racing drivers, including Kyle Busch and Chris Buescher, and his achievements have been discussed by sports journalist Stephen A. Smith. Critics have described him as one of the greatest or most iconic cars in film.
The concept for Cars originated in 1998 when Danish story development artist Jorgen Klubien had the idea to write an animated feature based on a three-wheeled electric car in Denmark that had proven to be unpopular for being ugly. He thought of this as The Ugly Duckling by Hans Christian Andersen, a character that is not initially accepted but later proves to be a success. He began to write the story concept with the title "The Yellow Car", which was set in a small town populated by cars rather than people. The story involved the Yellow Car struggling to be accepted by the local residents due to being different but eventually earning its place in the community. Pixar chief creative officer John Lasseter liked the concept of a world inhabited by cars presented by Klubien, but felt that the Yellow Car needed to be a stronger character to create conflict in the story. He and co-director Joe Ranft began developing the various car characters in the story, while the Yellow Car was eventually replaced by Lightning McQueen.[2]
From the start, Pixar's new film project was referred to as Cars. Lasseter decided that the main character should be a racing car because it represents speed, power and individuality. The Pixar team began to focus their research on racing cars, with Lasseter attending numerous races to ensure that the film was "authentic in every single detail". The team visited Lowe's Motor Speedway in Charlotte and met with Richard Petty. Story artist Steve Purcell said that meeting die-hard fans and experiencing the track first hand was the ideal education needed for the film's development. Lasseter took driving lessons at the Infineon Raceway from instructors at the Jim Russell Racing School to get an authentic experience of motorsport, which became invaluable for giving direction to Owen Wilson, the voice of Lightning McQueen.[3]
Lasseter, who had previously worked on Toy Story, had for many years toyed with the idea of making a film about cars, having a particular love of cars and NASCAR racing.[4] Lasseter said that he became hooked on cars at an early age after buying Hot Wheels toy cars. He cited childhood vacations with his family on Route 66 and the animated films of Japanese producer Hayao Miyazaki as his inspirations.[5] In the summer of 2000, he and his family went on a two-month road trip that avoided interstate highways, which forced him to take a slower journey. Out of this experience, he began to develop the story idea for the film. "I discovered that the journey in life is the reward", he recalled. In 2001, he and a group of Pixar staff took a trip on Route 66. Over nine days, they toured a number of places along the route, including Route 66 Museum in Clinton, Oklahoma, and studied the landscape. Lasseter conducted research about automotives, befriending design chief J Mays of the Ford Motor Company. During development, Pixar's animators also benefited from having Porsche 911 coupes delivered to Pixar's offices for inspection. Lasseter and the production team also met with General Motors designers in the early 2000s to discuss the new Chevrolet Corvette design. At that time, the story concept was very different to the final film and according to Pixar producer Darla K. Anderson it evolved over time. Cars reflects Lasseter's sadness over the decline of small towns on Route 66, which he said "died overnight" following the construction of interstate highways after World War II.[4]
Pixar's animators found it challenging to inject personality into the characters due to their rigid forms. Lasseter was of the opinion that the cars in the film had to feel like they had the weight and movement of real cars. In early animation tests, the cars featured big smiles and had less rigid tops, but Lasseter decided this needed to be changed to reflect the rigidity of real cars. The animators spent a lot of time working on the face to ensure that the characters felt like they were alive; thus the grill of the car was designed as its mouth. For the eyes, Lasseter took inspiration from the Disney short film Susie the Little Blue Coupe (1952), in which the character's windscreen panes are used for the eyes. This brought other challenges, in particular, how to get the characters' facial expressions right. In early tests, the team found that their eyes were too far from their mouths, so the animators worked to improve their expressions by repositioning the lower eyelids.[6]
Art department manager Jay Ward explained that the theme of the film is expressed in Lightning McQueen's character development. He said that, as a racing car, he is entirely self-centered and his goal at the start of the film is to reach the finish line, but by spending time in Radiator Springs, he has to learn that "life is about the journey, not the destination". He described the racing aspect as the "bookends" in his story arc: "the racing world he started in and the racing world he returns to, and he is a different character".[6] Lightning McQueen is not named after actor and race driver Steve McQueen, but after Pixar animator Glenn McQueen who died in 2002.[7]
Creating the story for the third film in the franchise presented the creative team with some character issues due to Lightning McQueen already being a champion racer. Cars 3 writer Mike Rich explained that everything had gone well for the character's career so far, but this was not the best way to begin a story. For inspiration, they decided to look at real sports celebrities like Kobe Bryant and Michael Jordan, specifically analysing what athletes do about getting older. Their research showed that some dealt with the situation better than others, with some refusing to adapt. In Cars 3, Lightning McQueen takes the same role as Strip 'The King' Weathers, an ageing character from the first film, because, like him, he is threatened by newcomer Jackson Storm. For McQueen, Storm represents the end of his beloved sport. After experiencing a devastating crash, McQueen finds the solution in the form of Cruz Ramirez, who repeatedly reminds him of his age and helps him learn that he no longer has to train like a young man. Story supervisor Scott Morse said that the Pixar team thought it important to show the changes in his character because they felt that children comprehend circumstances above their level: "McQueen is maturing; he's evolving. McQueen's a character that kids grew up with. For kids in particular, to see somebody they're comfortable with going through an evolutionary change, it helps them understand how to do that."[8] Cars 3 director Brian Fee also cited conversations with retiring racing driver Jeff Gordon, alongside his own personal experiences of mentoring his daughters, as inspiration for the emotional core of Lightning McQueen feeling pride in helping someone else to win rather than being preoccupied with his own achievements.[9]
American actor Owen Wilson is the voice of Lightning McQueen in the Cars filmography. He was cast in the original Cars film and returned to voice the character in Cars 2 and Cars 3, while also voicing him in the television series Cars on the Road.[10] He also voices the character in the short film Mater and the Ghostlight and the Cars Toons short "The Radiator Springs 500 " and the Cars and Cars 2 video games.[11][12][13][14] Wilson said that he was cast in the role as a result of Lasseter and his children enjoying Shanghai Noon (2000), a film starring Wilson and Jackie Chan. When Wilson met with Lasseter, he told him about the upcoming animated project and thought that he would be suitable for the role.[15] Wilson admitted that he liked the "street cred" he got from his two sons for voicing the character.[16]
The Cars production team consulted a variety of experts, including racers, engineers and historians, to ensure that the characters in the film were designed to have the appearance of real cars. Lightning McQueen is not based on a particular vehicle. Lasseter explained that the shape of NASCAR cars was problematic due to being shaped quite flat for aerodynamics, but this meant that their designs were not very interesting. Consequently, Lightning McQueen is a hybrid based on a stock car and a Le Mans endurance racer, which has a more curvaceous body. Lasseter added that the character also has "some Lola and some [Ford] GT40".[17] His number was originally 57, a reference to Lasseter's birth year, but was changed to 95, referencing the release year of Pixar's first film Toy Story.[18]
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