[Index Of My Boobs Jpg
Iberio Ralda
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Background: Obesity is associated with increased breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women. We examined whether this association could be explained by the relationship of body mass index (BMI) with serum sex hormone concentrations.
Methods: We analyzed individual data from eight prospective studies of postmenopausal women. Data on BMI and prediagnostic estradiol levels were available for 624 case subjects and 1669 control subjects; data on the other sex hormones were available for fewer subjects. The relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of breast cancer associated with increasing BMI were estimated by conditional logistic regression on case-control sets, matched within each study for age and recruitment date, and adjusted for parity. All statistical tests were two-sided.
Conclusion: The results are compatible with the hypothesis that the increase in breast cancer risk with increasing BMI among postmenopausal women is largely the result of the associated increase in estrogens, particularly bioavailable estradiol.
I have a question regarding for lack of a better word, "man boobs." I've been trying to get rid of them for quite some time. They've been a problem since I was in high school. The rest of my body was not extremely overweight-- 175 pounds and 6 feet tall.
Hi Michael. This is a great question that I'm sure a lot of men out there want to know the answer to. First of all, even though you say you are not "extremely overweight" and your BMI (body mass index) is in the normal range (23.7), this does not mean that your body composition (ratio of muscle to fat) is optimal. This is one of the limitations of BMI, as it only reflects weight relative to height, not the amount of muscle vs. fat. So someone could have a normal BMI and still have excess fat and inadequate muscle, which may be the case with you. So first and foremost, I recommend cleaning up your diet by limiting refined, sugary carbohydrates and focusing on lean protein, healthy fats, whole grains, fruits and vegetables to lean down while maintaining, or building, lean body mass.
To answer your question from a workout standpoint, I turned to best-selling author and celebrity trainer Harley Pasternak, M.Sc., whose answer may surprise you. He explains that the key to great pecs is actually having a strong back! If you're already slightly kyphotic (shoulder sloped forward), then continued chest (and bicep) work can actually make your "man boobs" droop even more. Focus on training your rhomboids (back rows) and triceps (the long head of the triceps actually originates from your scapula) with far more frequency and volume than their antagonists, the pecs and biceps.
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Earlier this year, results from a study funded by World Cancer Research Fund were announced at the European Congress on Obesity. They found that a higher body mass index (BMI) in childhood may help protect women against breast cancer in later life, both before and after the menopause.
Our preliminary results suggest that girls aged 7-13 who have a higher BMI have greater protection against pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer later in life. We are currently investigating if these associations also hold when looking at all types of breast cancer as well as whether there is any association with when puberty starts.
Breastfeeding is also known to help. To me the key message is that the origins of breast health begin early in life and that girls and women have actions they can take across the lifecourse to ensure and support breast health.
Exercise fits into the total picture of having a healthy lifestyle. It improves cardiometabolic health, and body composition (eg increase in lean tissue and reduction in excess levels of adipose tissue) and these factors come together to reduce the risk of breast cancer, as well as many other types of cancer.
Breast compressions help empty the breast by applying gentle pressure to the milk ducts. To do breast compressions while pumping, start with your same hand and breast (e.g. left hand and left breast) and form a C shape with your thumb and index finger. After you begin pumping, place the index finger under the breast and the thumb on the top of the breast, maintaining the C shape. Make sure you don't get too close to the flange or areola. Begin applying gentle pressure to the breast - you may even see milkflow increase while doing so! You can continue to apply pressure, or do a pulsating pattern along with your pump (for example, hold the compress for 3 pump cycles, release for 1, and repeat).
Using breast massage while pumping is a similar concept to breast compressions, except you will be stimulating individual areas when you massage. To massage your breasts, 'point' your index and middle fingers together firmly. Then, while pumping, begin at the top of the breast and apply gently pressure, moving your fingers in a circular movement. Slowly work down toward the areola - stop before reaching the areola and area under the flange. Repeat the process beginning at different areas around the breast, including underneath the breast and in the armpit area.
Few studies have investigated the association of non-dense area or fatty breasts in conjunction with breast density and breast cancer risk. Two articles in a recent issue of Breast Cancer Research investigate the role of absolute non-dense breast area measured on mammograms and find conflicting results: one article finds that non-dense breast area has a modest positive association with breast cancer risk, whereas the other finds that non-dense breast area has a strong protective effect to reduce breast cancer risk. Understanding the interplay of body mass index, menopause status, and measurement of non-dense breast area would help to clarify the contribution of non-dense breast area to breast cancer risk.
In a recent issue of Breast Cancer Research, two articles investigate the role of the non-dense breast area (fatty breasts) in breast cancer risk [1, 2]. Each presents compelling results to show why non-dense breast area measured on mammograms is as informative as dense breast area in regard to future breast cancer risk. Both studies report a strong association with dense breast area and breast cancer risk. However, Pettersson and colleagues [1] report a significant and rather strong negative association of non-dense area and breast cancer risk, whereas Lokate and colleagues [2] report a modest positive association. The two primary results are graphically shown in Figure 1. Can both be right?
Models of breast cancer risk odds ratios for breast dense area and non-dense (fat) area. A model from Pettersson and colleagues [1] is shown on the left, and a model from Lokate and colleagues [2] is shown on the right. Models are adjusted for age, age of menopause, family history of breast cancer, parity, body mass index, and alcohol use. Additional adjustments for the model from Pettersson and colleagues [1] are age of menarche and alcohol use. Additional adjustments for the model from Lokate and colleagues [2] are height, number of children, and hormone therapy use.
Breast density is determined by the relative amounts of fat and epithelial and connective tissues that appear differently on a mammogram because of differences in x-ray attenuation. Fat appears radiolucent or dark, whereas epithelial and connective tissues are radiographically dense and appear light or white. The percentage of dense area on a mammogram as well as absolute dense breast area and several qualitative measures of breast density are established risk factors for breast cancer [3]. The strength of the risk association depends on the breast density categories being compared. Studies that compare women with at least 75% dense breast area with women with minimal or no dense breast area report relative risks of 4 to 6 [4]. Studies that use comparative groups that are more prevalent, such as lowest and highest quartiles or quintiles of breast density, report relative risks of 2 to 4 [5]. The biologic basis of increased breast cancer risk with increased breast density is unknown but is thought to be related to the higher amounts of collagen, stromal tissue, and, to a lesser degree, breast epithelium found in dense areas [6, 7]. One popular theory is that there is an interaction between the stroma and epithelium in the breast and that the increased density of stroma promotes cancer-causing interactions. Conversely, a decrease in the proportion of breast density and increase in the proportion of fat are associated with decreased risk of breast cancer.
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