Hi Robin,
I am not sure what the problem is as I do not know which binaries you are using to run MCMCtree, but I believe it is not the latest stable release as I cannot reproduce your error (I have tried again with both the pre-compiled binaries from the PAML GitHub repository, Linux and Windows).
You can download the 
Linux pre-compiled binaries from the PAML GitHub repository...

... then decompress the files and save them on your preferred location. Firstly, go to 
bin and you shall find there the PAML programs. To test your files and make sure they work, you can do the following:
- Copy your input alignment and tree files, the control file, and the "in.BV" file inside the bin directory -- E.g., create a new directory called test.
- Open a terminal in the "bin" directory and give executable permissions to the binaries (chmod 775 *)
- Copy the mcmctree binary inside the test directoy.
- Using the terminal, change directories to test, and then run MCMCtree by typing ./mcmctree mcmctree.ctl
This is what I did on my PC using the WSL and MCMCtree runs without problems while using ST distributions as node age constraints.
I have also tested the Windows executable (
download link from the PAML GitHub repository) using the Windows Power Shell. Remember that Linux commands such as "cd" will not work, you need to use the Windows language. You can do the same test as above (remember to use the 
Set-Location command to change directories from the Terminal) and run MCMCtree by typing  
.\mcmctree.exe mcmctree.ctl
Hope that now things run, please let us know :)
All the best,
Sandy
P.S.: I cannot attach executable files, hence why I have explained how you can download them from the PAML GitHub repository and run the tests on your PC with your input files, hope that this is fine!