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SINGAPORE: He might be educated, tech-savvy and plugged into current affairs but every now and then, 30-year-old Isaac Neo still has his doubts over whether something he's spotted online is real or fake.
Mr Neo, who works as a security risk analyst, also co-hosts the Before The Ballot podcast discussing key national issues ahead of Singapore's next General Election, which must be held by November 2025.
Already, a first sliver of election-related misinformation has emerged, with a widely circulated WhatsApp message claiming that newly minted Prime Minister Lawrence Wong has called for polls to be held on Sep 6.
While tech firms have introduced measures against malicious actors trying to disrupt election campaigns, it's ultimately down to voters to take precautions and discern for themselves, experts told CNA.
In the United States, which heads to the polls in November to choose its next leader, a fake robocall impersonating United States President Joe Biden told thousands of people to not vote in the New Hampshire primary election.
As early as in October, a video was doctored to show outgoing president Joko Widodo making a speech in Mandarin, in an attempt to portray him as pro-China and to stir up anti-China sentiments among conservatives and nationalists.
It will be the first election for a fourth-generation leadership led by a new PM, amid challenges on multiple fronts such as geopolitics, climate degradation, food and water security, an ageing population and social mobility and inclusivity.
Mr Benjamin Ang, who heads the Centre of Excellence for National Security at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) noted the rapid growth and spread of generative AI tools in the past 12 months alone.
Some of these measures include the government working with and regulating social media platforms, forming standard operating procedures for critical election incidents, setting up a task force on election threats, providing neutral assistance and advice to all major political parties and improving citizen awareness of disinformation and foreign interference.
The WP cited a parliamentary question raised in April by its MP He Ting Ru, who asked whether existing electoral rules provide recourse for candidates and political parties who are the subject of manipulated, deepfake media or fake news released during the Cooling Off Day or Polling Day of elections.
The Singapore Democratic Party (SDP) meanwhile told CNA that the best way to deal with online threats such as falsehoods and AI-generated content would be to expose them and let people make their own judgments.
With the abundance of cheap or free AI tools, political parties should also train their members to use AI responsibly, said Dr Carol Soon, principal research fellow at the Institute of Policy Studies and adjunct principal scientist at the government's recently launched Centre for Advanced Technologies in Online Safety.
Widely used instant messaging service WhatsApp has in place measures such as a limit on forwarding texts. It has also launched public education campaigns in some countries, including a dedicated fact-checking helpline in India.
Ms Kasthuri, who specialises in politics in Singapore and Southeast Asia, stressed the importance of voter education in both campaign matters as well as how elections work, as a bulwark against misinformation.
Other Singaporeans CNA spoke to were keenly aware that even without the added complexities of AI and deepfakes, the way content is cut and positioned already carries biases which can colour a consumer's perspectives.
Falsities have no space in an election," said Ms Kasthuri. "It misinforms the electorate and additionally, it also can encourage dirty politics, such as mudslinging or appealing to emotions, by over-enthusiastic party supporters.
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