[Total Commander 9.52 Final (x86-x64) New Key Keygen
Latrisha Adan
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of thismanual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that theentire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of apermission notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manualinto another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,except that this permission notice may be stated in a translationapproved by the R Core Team.
The contributions to early versions of this manual by Saikat DebRoy(who wrote the first draft of a guide to using .Call and.External) and Adrian Trapletti (who provided information on theC++ interface) are gratefully acknowledged.
The concept of lazy loading of code or data is mentioned atseveral points. This is part of the installation, always selected forR code but optional for data. When used the R objects of thepackage are created at installation time and stored in a database in theR directory of the installed package, being loaded into thesession at first use. This makes the R session start up faster anduse less (virtual) memory.(For technical details,see Lazy loading in R Internals.)
CRAN is a network of WWW sites holding the R distributionsand contributed code, especially R packages. Users of R areencouraged to join in the collaborative project and to submit their ownpackages to CRAN: current instructions are linked from -project.org/banner.shtml#submitting.
The sources of an R package consist of a subdirectory containing thefiles DESCRIPTION and NAMESPACE, and the subdirectoriesR, data, demo, exec, inst,man, po, src, tests, tools andvignettes (some of which can be missing, but which should not beempty). The package subdirectory may also contain files INDEX,configure, cleanup, LICENSE, LICENCE andNEWS. Other files such as INSTALL (for non-standardinstallation instructions), README/README.md2, or ChangeLog will be ignored by R, but maybe useful to end users. The utility R CMD build may add filesin a build directory (but this should not be used for otherpurposes).
The optional files configure and cleanup are (Bourne)shell scripts which are, respectively, executed before and (if option--clean was given) after installation on Unix-alikes, seeConfigure and cleanup. The analogues on Windows areconfigure.win and cleanup.win. Since R 4.2.0 on Windows,configure.ucrt and cleanup.ucrt are supported and takeprecedence over configure.win and cleanup.win. They canhence be used to provide content specific to UCRT or Rtools42 and newer, if needed,but the support for .ucrt files may be removed in future whenbuilding packages from source on the older versions of R will no longerbe needed, and hence the files may be renamed back to .win.
The package subdirectory should be given the same name as the package.Because some file systems (e.g., those on Windows and by default onmacOS) are not case-sensitive, to maintain portability it is stronglyrecommended that case distinctions not be used to distinguish differentpackages. For example, if you have a package named foo, do notalso create a package named Foo.
A source package if possible should not contain binary executable files:they are not portable, and a security risk if they are of theappropriate architecture. R CMD check will warn aboutthem4 unless they are listed (one filepath per line) in a fileBinaryFiles at the top level of the package. Note thatCRAN will not accept submissions containing binary fileseven if they are listed.
Note that the display name (the part before the address in anglebrackets) should be enclosed in double quotes if it containsnon-alphanumeric characters such as comma or period. (The currentstandard, RFC 5322, allows periods but RFC 2822 did not.)
There is no restriction on the use of other fields not mentioned here(but using other capitalizations of these field names would causeconfusion). Fields Note, Contact (for contacting theauthors/developers11) and MailingList are in commonuse. Some repositories (including CRAN and R-forge) add theirown fields.
Please ensure that the license you choose also covers any dependencies(including system dependencies) of your package: it is particularlyimportant that any restrictions on the use of such dependencies areevident to people reading your DESCRIPTION file.
Whereas you should feel free to include a license file in yoursource distribution, please do not arrange to install yetanother copy of the GNU COPYING or COPYING.LIBfiles but refer to the copies on -project.org/Licenses/ and included in the Rdistribution (in directory share/licenses). Since files namedLICENSE or LICENCE will be installed, do not usethese names for standard license files. To include comments about thelicensing rather than the body of a license, use a file named somethinglike LICENSE.note.
It is inadvisable to use a dependence on R with patch level (the thirddigit) other than zero. Doing so with packages which others depend onwill cause the other packages to become unusable under earlier versionsin the series, and e.g. versions 4.x.1 are widely used throughout theNorthern Hemisphere academic year.
It is important that the information in these fields is complete andaccurate: it is for example used to compute which packages depend on anupdated package and which packages can safely be installed in parallel.
Note that someone wanting to run the examples/tests/vignettes may nothave a suggested package available (and it may not even be possible toinstall it for that platform). The recommendation used to be to maketheir use conditional via if(require("pkgname")):this is OK if that conditioning is done in examples/tests/vignettes,although using if(requireNamespace("pkgname")) ispreferred, if possible.
However, using require for conditioning in package code isnot good practice as it alters the search path for the rest of thesession and relies on functions in that package not being masked byother require or library calls. It is better practice touse code like
Note the use of rgl:: as that object would not necessarily bevisible (and if it is, it need not be the one from that namespace:plot3d occurs in several other packages). If the intention is togive an error if the suggested package is not available, simply usee.g. rgl::plot3d.
Note that the recommendation to use suggested packages conditionally intests does also apply to packages used to manage test suites: anotorious example was testthat which in version 1.0.0 containedillegal C++ code and hence could not be installed on standards-compliantplatforms.
The optional file INDEX contains a line for each sufficientlyinteresting object in the package, giving its name and a description(functions such as print methods not usually called explicitly might notbe included). Normally this file is missing and the correspondinginformation is automatically generated from the documentation sources(using tools::Rdindex()) when installing from source.
Extreme care is needed if top-level computations are made to depend onavailability or not of other packages. In particular this applies tosetMethods and setClass calls. Nor should they depend onthe availability of external resources such as downloads.
The man subdirectory may contain a subdirectory named macros;this will contain source for user-defined Rd macros.(See User-defined macros.) These use the Rd format, but maynot contain anything but macro definitions, comments and whitespace.
The sources and headers for the compiled code are in src, plusoptionally a file Makevars or Makefile (or for use onWindows, with extension .win or .ucrt). When a package isinstalled using R CMD INSTALL, make is used to controlcompilation and linking into a shared object for loading into R.There are default make variables and rules for this(determined when R is configured and recorded inR_HOME/etcR_ARCH/Makeconf), providing support for C,C++, fixed- or free-form Fortran, Objective C and ObjectiveC++19 with associated extensions .c,.cc or .cpp, .f, .f90 or.f95,20.m, and .mm, respectively. We recommend using .hfor headers, also for C++21 or Fortran include files. (Use of extension.C for C++ is no longer supported.) Files in the srcdirectory should not be hidden (start with a dot), and hidden files willunder some versions of R be ignored.
In very special cases packages may create binary files other than theshared objects/DLLs in the src directory. Such files will not beinstalled in a multi-architecture setting since R CMD INSTALL--libs-only is used to merge multiple sub-architectures and it onlycopies shared objects/DLLs. If a package wants to install otherbinaries (for example executable programs), it should provide an Rscript src/install.libs.R which will be run as part of theinstallation in the src build directory instead of copyingthe shared objects/DLLs. The script is run in a separate Renvironment containing the following variables: R_PACKAGE_NAME(the name of the package), R_PACKAGE_SOURCE (the path to thesource directory of the package), R_PACKAGE_DIR (the path of thetarget installation directory of the package), R_ARCH (thearch-dependent part of the path, often empty), SHLIB_EXT (theextension of shared objects) and WINDOWS (TRUE on Windows,FALSE elsewhere). Something close to the default behavior couldbe replicated with the following src/install.libs.R file:
Note the use of architecture-specific subdirectories of bin whereneeded. (Executables should installed under a bin directory andnot under libs. It is good practice to check that they can beexecuted as part of the installation script, so a broken package is notinstalled.)
The demo subdirectory is for R scripts (for running viademo()) that demonstrate some of the functionality of thepackage. Demos may be interactive and are not checked automatically, soif testing is desired use code in the tests directory to achievethis. The script files must start with a (lower or upper case) letterand have one of the extensions .R or .r. If present, thedemo subdirectory should also have a 00Index file with oneline for each demo, giving its name and a description separated by a tabor at least three spaces. (This index file is not generatedautomatically.) Note that a demo does not have a specified encoding andso should be an ASCII file (see Encoding issues). Functiondemo() will use the package encoding if there is one, but this ismainly useful for non-ASCII comments.
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