1. Mental retardation (MR) :
a generalized disorder appearing before adulthood, characterized by
significantly impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in two or
more adaptive behaviors. It has historically been defined as an
Intelligence Quotient score under 70.[1] Once focused almost entirely
on cognition, the definition now includes both a component relating to
mental functioning and one relating to individuals' functional skills
in their environment. As a result, a person with a below-average
intelligence quotient (BAIQ) may not be considered mentally retarded.
Syndromic mental retardation is intellectual deficits associated with
other medical and behavioral signs and symptoms. Non-syndromic mental
retardation refers to intellectual deficits that appear without other
abnormalities.
Symptoms:
The signs and symptoms of mental retardation are all behavioral. Most
people with mental retardation do not look like they have any type of
intellectual disability, especially if the disability is caused by
environmental factors such as malnutrition or lead poisoning. The so-
called "typical appearance" ascribed to people with mental retardation
is only present in a minority of cases, all of which involve syndromic
mental retardation.
Children with mental retardation may learn to sit up, to crawl, or to
walk later than other children, or they may learn to talk later.[3]
Both adults and children with mental retardation may also exhibit some
or all of the following characteristics:[3]
Delays in oral language development
Deficits in memory skills
Difficulty learning social rules
Difficulty with problem solving skills
Delays in the development of adaptive behaviors such as self-help or
self-care skills
Lack of social inhibitors
2. Among children, the cause is unknown for one-third to one-half of
cases.[3] Down syndrome, velocariofacial syndrome, and fetal alcohol
syndrome are the three most common inborn causes.[3] However, doctors
have found many other causes. The most common are:
Genetic conditions. Sometimes disability is caused by abnormal genes
inherited from parents, errors when genes combine, or other reasons.
The most prevalent genetic conditions include Down syndrome,
Klinefelter's syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Neurofibromatosis,
congenital hypothyroidism, Williams syndrome, Phenylketonuria (PKU),
and Prader-Willi syndrome. Other genetic conditions include Phelan-
McDermid syndrome (22q13del), Mowat-Wilson syndrome, genetic
ciliopathy,[4] and Siderius type X-linked mental retardation (OMIM
300263) as caused by mutations in the PHF8 gene (OMIM 300560).[5][6]
In the rarest of cases, abnormalities with the X or Y chromosome may
also cause disability. 48, XXXX and 49, XXXXX syndrome affect a small
number of girls worldwide, while boys may be affected by 47, XYY, 49,
XXXXY, or 49, XYYYY.
Problems during pregnancy. Mental disability can result when the
fetus does not develop properly. For example, there may be a problem
with the way the fetus' cells divide as it grows. A woman who drinks
alcohol (see fetal alcohol syndrome) or gets an infection like rubella
during pregnancy may also have a baby with mental disability.
Problems at birth. If a baby has problems during labor and birth,
such as not getting enough oxygen, he or she may have developmental
disability due to brain damage.
Exposure to certain types of disease or toxins. Diseases like
whooping cough, measles, or meningitis can cause mental disability if
medical care is delayed or inadequate. Exposure to poisons like lead
or mercury may also affect mental ability.
Iodine deficiency, affecting approximately 2 billion people
worldwide, is the leading preventable cause of mental disability in
areas of the developing world where iodine deficiency is endemic.
Iodine deficiency also causes goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid
gland. More common than full-fledged cretinism, as retardation caused
by severe iodine deficiency is called, is mild impairment of
intelligence. Certain areas of the world due to natural deficiency and
governmental inaction are severely affected. India is the most
outstanding, with 500 million suffering from deficiency, 54 million
from goiter, and 2 million from cretinism. Among other nations
affected by iodine deficiency, China and Kazakhstan have instituted
widespread iodization programs, whereas, as of 2006, Russia had not.
[7]
Malnutrition is a common cause of reduced intelligence in parts of
the world affected by famine, such as Ethiopia.[8]
Absence of the arcuate fasciculus.
references:
http://www.psychology.org.au/publications/inpsych/disability/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_retardation
http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dd/ddmr.htm