Fwd: FINAL VERSION ...Enough for someone else to take off from. l think that I'm going to work on something else for a while.

[Dean Sinclair]

---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Dean Sinclair <deanls...@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 23 Nov 2014 19:40:43 -0600
Subject: FINAL VERSION ...Enough for someone else to take off from. l
think that I'm going to work on something else for a while.
To: Oscillator/Substance Theory
<oscillatorsubstan...@googlegroups.com>
Cc: deanlsinclair <deanls...@gmail.com>

BASIC UNIT CODING OF ATOMIC NUCLEI

An Attempt at a Very Basic Primer.



Dean L. Sinclair



Atoms, which are considered the building blocks of everything which we
call matter--anything that can be weighed--are usually considered to
consist of a very tiny central region called the "nucleus," and a much
larger outer region having no specific name, which is filled with
"electrons."



The inner region is said to have almost all of the "Mass" of the
atom. Mass is what we measure by comparison to some "standard mass,"
a unit of which we know the "weight." .This tiny region is said also
to have a "positive charge," which is equal to the total "negative
charge" of the "electrons," the much larger particles which fill up
most of the space of the atom.



(To be more rigorously correct, theoretical considerations suggest
that the electron has a far wider range of oscillation than does the
proton--the basic positive charged entity-- and is, therefore,
actually both far larger and far smaller than the proton: however, the
"far smaller" aspect is rarely noted, and will not be further

discussed here.)



All of the atoms which occur in Nature, have nuclei that may be
considered as made up of four smaller, basic nuclei. . These are, as
follows:



A nucleus having three "Units of Mass" and two "Units of Charge."

A nucleus having three "Units of Mass and One "Unit of Charge."

A nucleus having two "Units of Mass" and One "Unit of Charge"

A nucleus having one "Unit of Mass" and One Unit of Charge."


This last listed, basic unit, is called the "Proton."


Since almost all the known nuclei of atoms larger than a proton may
be considered as made up of some combination of the other three units
listed above. we shall l not say much about the proton for this short
discussion.



Use of the above should describe atoms in a way that may be very
useful in computers. by using a set of four columns which correspond
to the above four basic units.



The form of table used by this writer to do this is to make the first
column--at the Viewer's Left-- represent the number of "mass three
charge two, nuclei, --which would be called in current literature,
"Helium 3 Di-cations. The second column would be the number of the
"Mass three, charge 1, basic nuclei." The "Triton Cation". The third
column would represent the number of mass 2, charge one basic
nuclei--known in the literature as the Deuterium cation. The last
column would be the "One to One," very basic situation called the
"proton," or the Hydrogen cation.





(This is a comment explaining some terminology. If the reader is
familiar with fundamental chemical terminology, this parenthetical
section can be skipped. A unit which has a 'positive charge" is called
a "cation." Visualize a cat with a positive (+) eye? That is what I
did to remember the term. The mono-cation of "Mass One" is called a
proton. The term for a unit having a negative, or minus, (-), charge
is called an "anion." Yes, that is what it is, "An ion is negative,
if it isn't catty...." One can use any bad pun or silly picture to
remember a term! The very simplest, "almost mass less--in usual
thinking," anion is the "Electron" Or "Negatron." The simplest,
fundamental cation, is the "Electron's Mirror Image," the "Positron"
or "Anti-electron." For our discussion of the composition of nuclei in
the above coding, we shall ignore these two very fundamental units.)



Resuming the original discussion:

Our fundamental nuclear units we would write down as below, giving the
name or names first, then what it would look like in our four column
coding:



Our first unit, of Mass One, the "Proton," would code, O,O, 0, 1



The second, called the "Deuteron," would code,
0, 0, 1, 0



The third unit, called the "Triton," comes in as
0, l , 0, 0



and that first one from the Left, "Helium 3 Cation," is 1, 0, 0, 0.



The next unit, "The Helium4 Di-cation," we code as "2 2's," 0; 0,2, 0.



When we get to much larger units, it becomes a bit of a mathematical
problem to figure out the coding. We adopt the convention of "pinning
both the masses and the charges" as far to the left in our coding
columns as we can.



As it turns out, we will almost never have a number in the last
column to the right, except zero, and "One." The latter case will
occur very rarely. The next column, of mass 2, will have only the
numbers Zero, One, or Two. The challenge comes in determining what
numbers to assign to the units of "Mass Three."



"We will jump to something which all of us are interested in, GOLD, to
see how this works. There is only one unit found in nature which is
called "Gold," and its nucleus is said to have a "Mass number of 197
and a charge number of 79.



This "nuclear charge number" is called the "Atomic Number" and the
"Mass number" is usually called the "Atomic Weight."



To determine what numbers to assign, we first check to see how many
units of three we would have, if all of the "three" units were to have
a charge of one, This is easy to do. We divide by three.



One hundred ninety seven, divided by three, is 65, with a remainder
of two. So we have sixty five units of mass three, and a unit of mass
two. We can immediately place a "one" in the third column from the
Left, as we have found a "Unit of Mass 2", which we know will have a
charge of one. That remainder told us what we were first testing for.
The filling of the easiest column to fill, the "2-1", Deuteron,
column.



Now how do we find what the other numbers are?



We have accounted for one of the 79 charges. We have 78 yet to
account for. We have 65 places that will have either one or two units
of charge. Clearly then, we can find how many charges have to be
doubled up by putting one on each of the 65 and doubling up the
remaining 13 on units that we already placed one on. We have
determined the number of units of Mass 3, charge 2, as being "13," we
place that in our first column to the right. At this point we have
the situation, "13, ?, 1, 0. "



How to determine the last column, the "Mass three, charge one" column?



Do another subtraction.



We started with 65 units of two with one charge on them and removed
thirteen by putting two charges on them. What we have left would be 65
minus 13 equals 52 units to fill in for our question mark.



Our final "name" for natural Gold, will be "13, 52, 1, 0." Which we
can shorten to "Thirteen, fifty two and one."



(Now, dear reader, you can "Snow Job" your friends by saying, "I'll
take all the 'Thirteen fifty two and one' that I can get." They'll
think that you are talking about, well you know... My friend, Charles
William Johnson of Earth/matriX, points out that 13 and 52 are Maya
Calendar Numbers. On a bit of reflection, it is seen to be an
interesting coincidence that the above coding for Gold, which is often
associated with the

Sun, would be easily associated with a logical calendar of 13 months,
52 weeks, and one day.... 365 days. Probably pure coincidence, but
interesting.)



Had we been talking about another "isotope," of Gold--a form not found
in nature having a mass number of 196---in dividing it out we would
have found the same 65 units of three, with, this time, a remainder
of one.



("Isotopes of an Element" are units having the same "Charge Units" on
the nuclei but different "Mass Unit" values.)



We do not want to put anything in the one's column if we don't nave
to; therefore, we will, instead, say that we have a set of 64 units
and two sets of two. We place a "2," in the "Mass 2{ column to
indicate the two units of mass; and, see that we now have 77 charges
to account for. 77-64 = 13. Again, we have 13 mass-three- charge-two
units, 64-13 = 51,



This form of "Radio-active Gold," has a final coding of, "13, 41, 2, 0. "



To check our work we work backwards, 2x 13, + 51,+ 2 = 79 and 3 x (l3
+ 51) + (2 x 2) = 196.



Geez, we did get it right!



(Doing this coding would either give one's fingers a work out on the
hand calculator or force us to remember our early grade school math.
Which probably isn't taught any more.)



Had we looked at Gold 198, (Au 198) we would have seen that the
division was even at 66. T he coding is a "snap." The "last two
columns" are zeros. 79 -66 =13. again. and the coding then in 13,
(66-13 = 53) , 0, 0. "13, 53, 0, 0."



( It may be noted hat when that column which can have a value of
Zero, One, or Two contains a "One." the atomic nucleus is likely to
be more stable than it's neighbors at "Zero," and "Two," units of
Deuterons.

This seems to be a quite general case which can be rationalized by
ideas from a model called the "Oscillators-in-a-Substance Model,';
however, that discussion we can put off to another date. )



It is hoped that this discussion of the coding of three isotopes of
Gold has outlined the general procedure that can be used to code any
"isotope" of any "element. "



This little essay is a "Prequel" to other closely related essays. It
is hoped that they can be combined, somehow, into a coherent whole.
understandable whole.


The following is a previous article, one of those mentioned above.
Hopefully, the two articles together will furnish enough information
for others to be able to pick up on the ideas, and, perhaps, find them
of utility. D. Sinclair

NATURALLY OCCURRING ISOTOPES BY THE "FOUR FACTOR CODING"
Dean L. Sinclair

This article was written before the article on coding the nuclei, and
considers the coding of the entire atom by the same type of units, but
considering the entire atom as a unit. The coding; however, works out
the same coding by Helium 3, Tritium, Deuterium and Hydrogen 1, for
the whole atom as we obtain coding by the respective cations for
the nuclei in the previous article where the three forms of Gold
were used as examples.

It is still a mass and charge coding, by atomic mass and atomic
number, exactly the same as before.

The four factor coding is a way of coding the naturally occurring
isotopes, and most of the known isotopes, as being made up of the
units Helium 3, Tritium, Deuterium and Hydrogen. With each of these
units supplying to the “Atomic Number Pool.” A number of units equal
to the “number of outer valence electrons, that is in the order listed
above, respectively , 2, l, 1, and 1, and to the “Atomic Mass Pool” an
appropriate number of mass units, that is, respectively, 3, 3, 2, and
1.
How this works will become clear as units are coded.

The neutron would actually take on a special five coding, as in some
very rare and short-lived units, either it, or something resembling
it, seems to add a mass unit without adding an atomic number unit, so
the neutron codes as, respectively, as above:
0 0. 0.0 /1.”With the “slash one,’ indicating its different function
from the other three units. Hydrogen 1, H1, codes, 0 0 0 1;
Hydrogen 2, H2, or Deuteron , codes,
0 01 0, Hydrogen 3, H3 or tritium atom, is 0 1 0 0, and the Helium3
unit is 1 0 0 0.

This may be easier to see with the codes listed above one another,
in a tabular form.
Neutron, mass one, valence electrons, zero, 0 0 0 0 /1
Hydrogen 1, mass 1, valence electrons, one, 0 0 0 1
Hydrogen 2, mass 2, valence electrons, one, 0 0 1 0
Hydrogen 3, mass 3, valence electrons, one, 0 1 0 0;
Helium 3, mass 3, valence electrons, two, 1,0 0 0
Lithium 3, mass 3, valence electrons three, 0 0 0 3 (Very short
lived radioisotope!)

Before going any farther, perhaps the question, “Why do this” shout be
partially answered.
One justification for this kind of coding, which
would fit very well into computer work is that many ot the transforms
of nuclear chemistry may be explained by interactions within an atom
of the four above units, in fact, many can be explained through
changes within .the “Mass 3 Set” of Tritium and Helium 3, which are
inter-convertible through a common intermediate. a “(T/He)+.”
In verbiage, this be the “Common-Cation of Helium 3 and Tritium. “
For the rest of this little paper, there will be coded naturally
occurring isotopes of elements, with some interspersed comments.

Helium 3 is one of our basic units, coded above as, 1 0 0 0. It is
coded “first in line,” as it seems to be, to some extent, a basic
“control unit.”
Helium 4, mass 4, valence electrons, 2 0 0 2 0
Helium 5, mass 5, valence electrons 2 0 1 1 0.
(A short-lived unit, which is included here because of its possible
importance as an intermediate in nature)…
Lithium 6, mass 6, valence electrons 3, 1 1 0 0
Lithium 7, mass 7, valence electron, 3. …………… .0 1 2 0
Beryllium 8, (Short-lived, important in theory..) 1 1,1,0.
This isotope should be “stable,” as a neutral unit, but probably
collapses from the easily formed Be++ cation to He4 and an “Alpha
Particle.” This latter cation is commonly considered to be “the nucleus
of a He4 unit,” because it contain the units of 6/8 if a He4 unit
Beryllium 9,
1 2 0 0
Boron 10
1 1 2 0
Boron 11
1 2 1 0.
Carbon 12
2 2 0 0.
Carbon 13
1 2 2 0.
Nitrogen 14………………………………………… …
2 2 1 0.
Nitrogen 15
2 3 0 0.
Oxygen 16
2 2 2 0
Oxygen 17
2 3 1 0.
Oxygen 18…………………………………………….
.3 3 0 0.
Fluorine 19
2 3 2 0.
Neon 20, ‘Perfect Inert Gas, at Atomic #10 “.
3 3 1 0
Neon 21
3 4 0 0.
Neon 22
2 4 2 0
Sodium 23………………………………………… …
3 4 1 0.
Magnesium 24
4 4 0 0.
Magnesium 25
3 4 2 0
Magnesium 26
3 5 1 0.
Aluminum 27
4 5 0 0.
Silicon 28
4 4 2 0.
Silicon 29
4 5 1 0
Silicon 30
4 6 0 0
Phosphorus3l
4 5 2 0
Sulfur 32
5 5 1 0.
Sulfur 33
5 6 0 0
Sulfur 34
4 6 2 0.
Sulfur 36
4 8 0 0.
Chlorine 35
5 6 1 0.
Chlorine 37
4 7 2 0.
Argon 36 “Perfect gas at Atomic # 18”
6 6 0 0.
Argon 38
5 7 1 0.
Argon 40
4 8 2 0.
Potassium 39
6 7 0 0.
Potassium 40
5 7 2 0.
Potassium 41
5 8 1 0
Calcium 40, Long-lived radioactive, Naturally occurring
.6 6 2 0.
Calcium 42 ………………………………………………. .
6 8 0 0.
Calcium 43
5 8 2 0.
Calcium 44
5 9 1 0.
Calcium 46 Long-lived radioactive,,,.
4 10 2 0..
Calcium 48 Long-lived radioactive….
4 12, 0 0.
Scandium 45
6 9 0 0
Titanium 46’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’
6 8 2 0 .
Titanium 47………………………………………………...
6 9 1 0.
Titanium 48
6 10 0 0 .
Titanium 49
5 10 2 0
Titanium 50
5 11 1 0.
Vanadium50 Long-lived isotope….
6 10 1 0.
Vanadium 51
6 11 0 0
Chromium 50 Long-lived isotope,,,
7 9 1 0.
Chromium52
6 10 2 0.
Chromium 53
6 11 1 0.
Chromium 54
6 12 0 0.
Manganese 55
6 11 2 0.
Iron 54
8 10 0 0.
Iron 56
7 11 1 0.
Iron 57
7 12 0 0.
Iron 58
6 12 2 0.
Cobalt 59
7 12 1 0.
Nickel 58
8 10 2 0
Nickel 60
8 12 0 0.
Nickel 61
7 12 2 0.
Nickel 62
7 13 1 0.
Nickel 64
6 14 2 0.
Copper 63.
8 13 0 0,
Copper 65
7 14 1 0.
Zinc 64 Long-lived….
8 12 2 0
Zinc 66
8 14 0 0.
Zinc 67
7 14 2 0.
Zinc 68
7, 15 1 0.
Zinc 70 Long-lived….
6 16 2 0.
Gallium 69
8 15 0 0.
Gallium 71
7 16 1 0.
Germanium 70
8 14 2 0.
Germanium 72
8 16 0 0.
Germanium 73
8.14 2 0.
Germanium 74
7 17 1 0.
Germanium 76
6 18 2 0
Arsenic 75
8 17 0 0
Silicon 74
7 17 1 0.
Silicon 76
8 16 2 0,
Silicon 77
8 17 1 0.
Silicon 78
8 18 0 0.
Silicon 80
9 17 1 0.
Bromine 79
8 17 2 0.
Bromine 81
8 19 0 0.
Krypton 78 Long half life
10 16 0 0
Krypton 80 .
9 17 1 0.
Krypton 82
8 18 2 0.
Krypton 83
8 19 1 0.
Krypton 84 This is the most common. ,,,
10 18 0 0,
Krypton 86
9 19 1 0.
At this not-so-inert, inert-gas element seems a good place to break
this little table.
Dean L. Sinclair, Aberdeen, SD 57401-6173-07 17/11/3014