IMPACT OF CLIMATIC CHANGE IN TRIBAL AREAS – A CASE STUDY OF UNDIVIDED KORAPUT DISTRICT
bidyut Mohanty
Dear Friends,
Find a nice article of Mr. N.N pANIGRAHY.This paper is based on my 36 years working
experience in this district and also my long 20 years experienced in all 4
major Hydro Projects of Koraput district.
This in depth study on this matter is made basing on his long experience
as hydro power Engineer and also datas available form 1946 to 2011(i.e. datas
of about 65 years). His id is nn.pan...@gmail.com .
With regards,
Bidyut.
N.N pANIGRAHY
IMPACT OF CLIMATIC CHANGE IN TRIBAL AREAS – A CASE STUDY OF UNDIVIDED KORAPUT DISTRICT
ABSTRACT
Koraput district of Odisha is a tribal dominated district and the entire district is coming under scheduled area (as per V-schedule of the constitution). Earlier this district was having vast forest area especially very dense forests and full of wild animals. People were not ventured to enter this region because of dense forest and wild animals. Britishers for the first time entered in to this district in 1860’s. Thus destruction of forest started in patches. But after independence massive deforestation started in the name of so called development and resettlement of East Pakistan refugees (now Bangladesh). The massive deforestation in Koraput district had severe impact on climate of Koraput district. Earlier Koraput district experienced heavy rain and the temperature variation in this district was minimum 30 to 40C and maximum 200 to 210C. There was only two seasons in a year i.e. rain and winter. But now the situation has changed. The climate is just like other areas of Odisha. There is tremendous climate change in this region and the change is un parallel in the history of world.
As a Hydro Power Engineer, I had worked in the four Major hydropower projects” (out of 6 Major Hydro Projects in Odisha) and all the four projects are in un-divided Koraput district. I have studied the rainfall pattern, inflow of water to nallas/rivers, day and night temperature, humidity etc closely and these records are available with me from 1946 till today. I had collected also 10 years daily rainfall/inflow datas. The main advantages are that I am a man of Koraput district and worked in Koraput district for long 36 years. This has helped me to make an in depth study of change in climate of this region. This manuscript is based on my experience, involvement in Hydro studies, extensive tour in all corners of the district as a district level officer, study of climate changes in different regions due to deforestation and articles/books on climate change, has help me to write this.
INTRODUCTION
The main cause of change in ecosystem world wide is deforestation and Environmental Pollution. The environmental pollution in Koraput district is within limit and presently not a concern for environmentalist. But deforestation in Koraput district is a major concern. The drastic change in climatic condition in Koraput district is a major concern and perhaps this drastic change in climate within a short period is unparallel in the history of the world. Ecological change is a normal phenomenon when the change is a natural way. But in Koraput district the ecological change is man made. A detail discussion on deforestation in Koraput district is given in this article.
2. BRIEF HISTORY OF KORAPUT DISTRICT
Orissa State is having 30 (Thirty) districts and Koraput is one of them. This new Koraput district was created with effect form 2nd October 1992. Till that time it was a part of undivided Koraput district. This un-divided Koraput district was divided in to four districts i.e. Koraput Nabarangpur, Malkangiri and Rayagada; with effect form 2nd October1992. The study of deforestation and its impact on climate of undivided Koraput is discussed here. The undivided Koraput district is located between 200 3’ to 17050’ North (Latitude) and 810 27’ to 840 1’ East (Longitude). The geographical area of undivided Koraput district is 27, 112 Sq. Kilometer. It is having mainly three plateau, i.e.
3000 feet, 1000 feet and 500 Feet. It is having both mountainous hilly areas with some patches of plain area. Koraput district with her pleasant golden autumn, cloudy mornings monsoon and pleasant summer, provides thrilling experience, perhaps unmatched any where in the world. The ghat Roads, eastern ghat mountains, encircling green hills, picturesque tourist spots, tribal culture , their food, dress, dance, living, life style etc attracts (even now) the Indian as well as foreign tourists.
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF KORAPUT DISTRICT- (AS PER 2001 CENSUS)
1. Area is Sq. Km - 8807 Sq. Km
2. Number of Blocks - 14 Nos
3. Tribal sub plan block - 14 Nos
4. Number of Tahasil - 7 Nos
5. Number of Gramyapanchayat - 226 No
6. Number of villages - 2028 No
7. Total population - 11.81 lakh
8. Scheduled Tribe Population - 49.6%
9. Scheduled Caste Population - 21%
10. %ge of literacy - 35 %
11. Female Tribal literacy rate - 8.4%
12 %ge below poverty line - 83.77%
13. Health Ranking
(Out of 30 district) - 27th position
14. Human Development Index
(Out of 30 district - 27th position
15. Forest Area (2003-04) - 29.33 %
The above figures will give an idea about the tribal dominated Koraput district. It is one of the poorest district of Odisha and Odisha is the poorest state of India.
3.Methodology of Study
The following methodology is adopted to study the climatic change of this region:-
1. The rainfall and inflow data’s at Upper Kolab Project is collected from the rain gauge centre of Central Water Power Commission; because this rain-gauge centre is almost in the centre of Koraput district.
2. As a Hydropower Engineer; I have worked in 4 Major Hydro Power Projects (out of 6 Major Hydro Power Project) and studied the hydrology of this region.
3. As a man of Koraput and as SDO, GED and SDO, lift Irrigation; I have toured extensively; the entire Koraput district.
4. I have collected other relevant data’s from District Statistical hand books, Economic Survey of this district (prepared by Govt. of Odisha), Forest Survey data’s by Forest department.
5. The rainfall, inflow temperature, humidity data’s collected from 1946 till today is analyzed.
6. My experience as hydropower engineer helped me to write this article.
4. FOREST STATUS OF UNDIVIDED KORAPUT DISTRICT
The forests of undivided Koraput district was very dense, as a result of which it was isolated for several centuries form the plains, due to non-existence of communication facilities, steep hills, fear of malaria, unfavorable climatic etc. Road construct started only after British Govt. took over administration of this area (including all forest area) in 1863. This area was under Madras presidency. The ‘Madras forest Act” came into force in 1882. Jeypore Forest Rule was made under the Madras Forest Act. The forest products like tamarind, Sabai grass, Kendu leaf, Sal tree, Resin, Lac, Soap nut, Reeds, Canes, Honey, Arrow root, Mahua flower and seeds, Cleaning nut, Wax, Horn, Skin, Nuxvomic, Marking nut, Kusum seeds etc were plantly as available. The forest area was under Jeypore Zamindar (Estate). These Estate Forests were classified into three categories. i.e.
- Reserved Forest
- Protected Forest
- Un-protected Forest
After abolition of Zamindari System, the forest management of Jeypore Estate was taken over by State Govt. in 1952 and Forest Rules like Koraput district Forest Rule, Wasteland Rule, Koraput Reserved Land etc were framed. The forest lands of undivided Koraput were handed over to Forest Department on 15th November 1957.
The forest area prior to independence was more than 70%. But due to deforestation the forest area of Koraput district was decreased gradually to 29.33% by 2003 (as per Forest survey). The pattern of decrease in forest area of undivided Koraput district is given below (in percentage of geographical area).
FOREST AREA OF KORAPUT DISTRICT
|
1939-40 |
1961-62 |
1970-71 |
1974-75 |
1978-79 |
1990-91 |
2003 |
2007 |
|
70.77% |
70% |
54.77% |
54.77% |
56.29% |
32.82% |
29.33% |
21.22% |
Not only the total
forest area but the very dense forest area and moderate dense forest area are
drastically reduced / vanished. Once the undivided Koraput was full of very
dense forest area as a result of which outsiders were not daring to enter this
district. The forest was having full of wild animals like Royal Bengal Tiger,
Cheetah, Wild boar, bear etc. As per Mr. W. Francis, ICS, District Collector,
Koraput, Vizagpatnam District (Vizagpatnam district Gazetteer – 1907) in
between June 1881 to March 1982 (i.e. within 9 months) 133 persons were killed
by man eaters in Nandapur and Padwa Taluka only.
The most famous Tentulilkhunit (now a block headquarter of Nabarangpur District) man eater killed 200 person and it was gunned down by H.D. Taylor, ICS. This clearly shows how the forest was dense. The type of forest cover of undivided Koraput district (as surveyed by Forest Survey Institution, Deheradun in 2003) is given below.
|
Name of District |
Geographical Area in Sq. Km. |
Very Dense Forest in Sq. Km. |
Moderate Dense forest in Sq. Km. |
Open Forest in Sq. Km. |
Total forest Area in Sq. Km. |
%ge of forest Area in Sq. Km. |
Remark |
|
Orissa |
1,55,707 |
288 |
27,882 |
20,196 |
48,366 |
31.06 |
|
|
Koraput |
8807 |
0 |
729 |
828 |
1557 |
17.68 |
|
|
Un-Divided Koraput District |
27,112 |
13 |
3408 |
4532 |
7953 |
29.33 |
|
From the above figures it is clear that at present
1. There is not any “very dense forest” in Koraput, Malkangiri and Nabarangpur district and the so called very dense forest are in Rayagada and that too only 13 Sq. Km.
2. To have a sound environmental area / the total forest coverage should be about 33%. In Orissa it is slightly less than 33% (it is 31.06%). But in Koraput and Nabarangpur district it is only 17.68% and 21.22% which is much less than 33%.
3. In total the forest area of undivided Koraput district is only 29.33%, which is less than 33% and it is decreasing gradually.
4. These figures given above are Govt. figures. As per private survey (by different NGOs), the actual forest area in Koraput district is less than 10%.
5. Another problem is that these forest areas are not under one department. Some forests are under forest department and some are under revenue department. This arrangement is creating problem.
5. CAUSE OF DEFORESTATION IN KORAPUT DISTRICT
Like other districts, states, countries, the cause of deforestation in undivided Koraput district is also same that is development works, railway line, reservoirs etc. But the destruction was in the large scale. In undivided Koraput district. The massive deforestation was done for construction of large reservoirs, mining activities, industrialization, urbanization, construction of railway lines, defense projects, construction of transmission lines, roads, minor irrigation projects and other development works. Earlier, Koraput district was very dense because tribals were worshipping the plants, they were regularly doing plantation and cutting the trees as per their bare necessity, collecting forest products for use & sale and they were fully depending on forest for their livelihood. But after British Govt. entered in to this district, the forest scenario changed.
A Deforestation before Independence
Since undivided Koraput district was rich in forest wealth, British Govt. started exploring this valuable wealth. The following instances will show how the large scale deforestation was done by British Govt.
(a) Large forest areas were leased out in 1917 to M/S H.D.R. and Co. for cutting trees through contractor to supply sleepers to Bengal-Nagpur Railways for a period of 20 years. The sal forests of Papadahandi, Umerkote, Malkangiri area were completely deforested by the Company.
(b) In early thirties (1930’s) many forest based Industries camp up in the district, causing large scale deforestation.
(c ) The rich forests of Malkangiri and Mottu were leased out to M/S Mottu Industries in 1973 for a period of 22 years.
(d) The sal forest of Bissumcuttack and Gudari were leased out to M/S B.T.T.
Thus the rich forests of undivided Koraput district was partially deforested by British Govt.
B. Deforestation after Independence
After independence also the deforestat6ion process continued in a large scale, in the name of
so called development. Some of the major deforestation activities in undivided Koraput district is given below.
(a) Rehabilitation of Refugees: - 1959, the East Pakistan refugees, flooded to India. India Govt. decided to rehabilitate them in Dandakaranya Project (Major portion of the Project was in Koraput district). For this, two region of Koraput district were selected. One is Malkangiri, Motu area and the other is Umerkote and Raigarh area. This two region was having rich forest with full of tree cover. About 2 lakhs acres of land were acquired by Dandakaranya Project to rehabilitate to East Pakistan refugees. Most of these areas were forest area.
(b) Construction of Reservoirs: - Three major reservoirs i.e. Machhkund (Jalaput Reservoir, 161.51 Sq. Km. area), Upper Kolab (110 Sq. Km.), Upper Indravati (110 Sq. Km.) were constructed in addition to number of minor/medium irrigation projects. For this, number of canals / sub-canals were constructed. These activities caused large scale deforestation.
(c ) Construction of New Industries / Townships:- Number of large / medium / small Industries came up in un-divided Koraput district after independence. They are MIG Factory (HAL) at Sunabeda, Alumina Factory (NALCO) at Damanjodi, Sewa Paper Mill near Jeypore, J.K. Paper Mill at J.K. Pur,Ferro-Alloys Company at Theruvalli, Mangalam Timbers at Nabarangpur, Cement Factory near Sunki. Some more new factories like Utkal Alumina, L&T cement etc are also coming up.
These factories acquired large areas, most of which are forest area. These Industries and townships de-forested large area.
(d) Mining Activities: - This district is rich in Mines. Bauxite mine in Koraput and Rayagada district, china clay in Malkangiri district, tin in Koraput and Malkangiri district, dolomite in Koraput district, graphite in Rayagada district are some of mine areas which are exploited and are going to be exploited in future. These mining activities not only cause deforestation also adversely affected the environment and climate.
(e) Construction of Railway Tracks: - Earlier, large scale deforestation was made during construction of Visakhapatnam to Raipur Railway Line. This line is going through Rayagada, Bisum Cuttack, Muiguda forest areas. After independence construction of two railway tracks i.e. Kotavalsha to Bailadila passing through Padwa, Nandapur, Koraput, Jeypore, Kotpad, forest areas and the railway track passing through Koraput, Sunabeda, Damanjodi, Kakirigumma, Laxmipur, Tikiri, Sikarpai were constructed and this has resulted in large scale deforestation.
(f) Shifting Cultivation: - Podu cultivation is coming under this category, tribals are habituated with this type of cultivation which is causing large scale deforestation and also cause environmental pollution, soil erosion, loss of flora and fauna in addition to deforestation.
(g) Construction of Transmission Line: - There are four major hydro electric projects, i.e. Machhkund, Balimela, Upper Kolab and Upper Indravati in
undivided Koraput district. For evacuation of power, 132 KV / 220 KV / 440 KV transmission lines were constructed. In addition to this 33 KV / 11 KV lines were also constructed. All these lines are passing through forests causing large scale deforestation.
(h) Misc. Cause: - In addition to the above, there was also large scale deforestation in undivided Koraput district due to expansion of agriculture field, forest fire (natural & man made), fungal attack, disease, grazing, excess cutting of trees for fuel wood, fodder, timber, encroachment of forest area, natural calamities like flood, fire etc., failure of Afforestation programme; rampant jungle cutting by mafias etc.
c. More deforestation and less Afforestation
This is a problem not only in undivided Koraput district but also in Odisha and India. As per a recent survey, the Afforestation and deforestation ratio in India is 1:14.1 where as in Odisha it is 1:16.1. Even though no systematic study is made in undivided Koraput district, the ratio must be much higher then this ratio. This is a cause of rapid reduction of forest area in undivided Koraput district.
6. IMPACT OF DEFORESTATION ON CLIMATIC CHANGE IN KORAPUT DISTRICT
There is tremendous impact on climate of this district due to massive forest destruction. The rainfall pattern has changed drastically causing impact on Agriculture; soil Erosion, Tribal lively hood change in temperature, Flora and Fauna of the area etc. Some of the impacts are discussed below:-
A. Change in Rainfall Pattern
The rainfall pattern in
Koraput district has changed since 1970’s and the type of change in rainfall
pattern and its impact is given below:-
1. The rainfall pattern mainly changed (reduced) since 1971. A graph showing the rainfall pattern from 1946 to 1970 and 1971 to 2009 is given below which will clearly indicate the changes. The rainfall from 1971 to 2009 changed drastically. The decrease in rainfall is about 28%. This clearly shows the severity of deforestation in Koraput district and its impact on climate
- No. of rainy days per annum reduced gradually. From 100 days per annum to 70-80 days.
- There is remarkable changes is rainfall pattern during Manson and non Manson period as given below:-
|
Sl. No |
Period |
Average rainfall in mm |
Monsoon rainfall (June to Nov in mm) |
Non monsoon rainfall (Dec to May in mm) |
|
1 |
1946-1970 |
2106.24 |
1907.85 |
198.39 |
|
2 |
1971-2005 |
1654.17 |
1502.96 |
151.21 |
|
3 |
%ge decrease in rainfall |
27.33% |
26.94% |
31.20% |
- The perennial sources reduced considerably causing scarcity of water.
- The day and night temperature and also the humidity increased considerably.
- Earlier, after a continuous rainfall for 5 to 6 days; the inflow to rivers was continuing and was remaining constant for days together. But now with stoppage of rainfall, the inflow is decreasing suddenly.
- The rainy day was continuous for 45 to 60 days prior to 1970 and people were not able to see the sum for a continuous period of 45 to 60 days. But now this is not the case. The rain is continuous during cyclonic storms and it is continuing for a maximum of 10 to 12 days.
- In this area rainy season was commencing from the 1st week of June every year and it was continuing up to middle or end of October. But now the rainy season starts in the 3rd or 4th week of June and ends in the 1st or 2nd week of September.
- Rainfall is highly erratic in nature. Earlier there was about 55% rain only in July and August. But this pattern has changed.
- Earlier there was 2 to3 cyclonic storms in a year. Any cyclonic storms created in Bay of Bengal (mainly Andhra Pradesh coast) were affecting this area. But now there are 10 to15 cyclonic storms affecting this area. The rainfall is also mainly due to cyclonic storms.
- Earlier the monsoon was active for about 4 month i.e. from June to September due to South West monsoon and return monsoon from South. But since 2005; this region has not seen monsoon rain. The rainfall is mainly cyclonic stream.
- The maximum rainfall in a day has also reduced considerably.
B. Impact on Water Resource
The effect of climatic changes in Koraput changes in Koraput district was felt since 1971. It has adversely affected this region. Some of the adverse affects are given below
1. Average rainfall reduced, No. of rainy days reduced; perennial sources of water reduced.
2. Run-off in rivers, nallahs reduced considerably
3. Inflow increased only in stormy days and reduces immediately after a storm.
4. Rainfall below 75% of average rainfall is considered as drought prone year. Drought prone years increased due to climatic change. Earlier there was no drought prone year in Koraput district
5. Evaporation rate increased due to increase in day / night temperature. This has resulted in evaporation loss of water and thereby scarcity of water.
6. Earlier there was only two season in Koraput district i.e. weather and rainy season. But now heat is felt throughout the year
7. Earlier there was 2 to 3 cyclonic storms every year and now it is increased to 10 to 15 day.
8. Annual per capita availability of water per head is reduced drastically. The per capita available of water in 1950 was 5000 cu per annum and it is now reduced to 3,500 cubic meter.
9. Reduction in storage of water in major reserves and in other water bodies.
10. Even though irrigation potential in Koraput district has increased; the agriculture production is not increased proportionately due to climatic change. The slight increase in yield rate is due to abnormally increases in fertilizer consumption.
11. The requirement of water per crop is increased. For example before 1970 the requirement of water for 1445 Ha mixed crop was one cumecs. But now with one cumecs of water mixed crop can be done only in 1000 (One thousand) Ha maximum.
12. There is decrease in sub soil water. This has resulted in decrease in soil bearing capacity; causing soil erosion, falling big trees with little wind etc.
13. This has resulted in drying of ponds and wells by end of April. This was not there prior to 1970.
14. Change in climatic condition has also caused increase in various diseases.
Thus there is large scale impact in Koraput district due to climatic change.
C. Increase in Cyclonic storm
Prior to 2005 there was 2 to 3 cyclonic storms mainly in October/November. But after 2005 the cyclonic stream increased to 10-15stream in year. It starts from June/July and continues up to December. (No rainfall was experienced in Koraput district in December, but last year i.e. in 2010 there was tremendous cyclonic rain in December)
D. Decrease in Inflow to Major Reservoirs of Koraput District
Due to change in climatic condition; the inflow to four reservoirs have been decreased considerably. The details of Inflow in between 1946 to 1970 and 1990-91 to 2004 -05 of Upper Kolab Reservoir is given below to have an idea about the decrease in inflow.
(a) Inflow during 1946 to 1970 in Million Cubic Meter
(i) Average run-off (as per Project report) – 1803 McuMt.
(ii) Minimum run-off - 1248.40 McuMt(1964)
(iii) Maximum run-off – 2823 MCumt (1955)
(b) Inflow between 1990-91 to 2004-2005
(i) Average run-off – 1452.25 McuMt.
(ii) Minimum run-off – 675.871 MCuMt (2002-2003)
(iii) Maximum run-off – 2109.351 Mcumt (1990-91)
(c) %ge of reduction in run-off during the period 1946 to 1970 and 1990-91 to 2004-05
(i) %ge of decrease in average run-off 25.15%
(ii) %ge of decrease in minimum run-off 84.71%
(iii) %ge of decrease in maximum run-off – 25.28%
OBSERVATION
The above figures clearly shows that there is considerable decrease in inflow in the river causing reduction in quantity of water in all reservoirs and thereby effecting irrigation and generation.
E.IMPACT ON IRRIGATION
There is tremendous impact on irrigation due to erratic rain and change in climate in Koraput district. The study made on this, is given below:-
1. Increase in drought prone year
There is no record of any drought / famine in Koraput district prior to 1970, even though there was no irrigation facilities in this area. But after 1970, the severity of drought is felt in Koraput district.
If the rainfall is less than 75% of the average rainfall than the year is declared as drought prone year. The average rainfall during the period 1946 to 1970 was 2106 mm. Their was no drought porn year till 1970. But during 1971 to 2005, the rainfall in Koraput district was drastically change and it was less than 75% average rainfall in 15 time causing drought. The tabulation given below will give an idea about the drought prone years in Koraput district.
|
Sl. No. |
Year |
Rainfall during the year in mm |
%ge of rainfall with respect to the 75 of average rainfall, i.e. 2106 mm (1579.50 mm) |
remarks |
|
1 |
1973 |
1077.60 |
51.17% |
Less than 75% of the average rainfall, i.e. 2106 mm drought prone year. |
|
2 |
1974 |
937.00 |
44.49% |
|
|
3 |
1975 |
1258.20 |
59.74% |
|
|
4 |
1976 |
935.60 |
44.43% |
|
|
5 |
1977 |
1536.90 |
72.98% |
|
|
6 |
1978 |
791.50 |
37.58% |
|
|
7 |
1979 |
883.95 |
41.97% |
|
|
8 |
1981 |
1222.90 |
58.07% |
|
|
9 |
1988 |
1363.20 |
64.73% |
|
|
10 |
1989 |
1503.20 |
71.38% |
|
|
11 |
1997 |
1434.22 |
68.10% |
|
|
12 |
1998 |
1312.20 |
62.31% |
|
|
13 |
2000 |
1486.50 |
70.58% |
|
|
14 |
2002 |
949.10 |
45.07% |
|
|
15 |
2005 |
1439.50 |
68.35% |
2. Reduction in Irrigation Potential
The irrigation potential is also reduced
The Irrigation achievements in Rabi and Khariff since 1988-89, are given below: -
|
Rabi & Summer Crops |
Khariff |
||||||||
|
Sl. No. |
Year |
Designed area in Ha |
Achievement in Ha |
% of achievement |
Sl. No. |
Year |
Designed area in Ha |
Achievement in Ha |
% of achievement |
|
1 |
1988-89 |
40,278 |
685.10 |
1.70 |
1 |
1989 |
43310 |
2570.00 |
5.93 |
|
2 |
1989-90 |
40,278 |
673.00 |
1.67 |
2 |
1990 |
43310 |
2379.50 |
5.49 |
|
3 |
1990-91 |
40,278 |
861.00 |
2.14 |
3 |
1991 |
43310 |
2720.00 |
6.28 |
|
4 |
1991-92 |
40,278 |
1463.00 |
3.63 |
4 |
1992 |
43310 |
9241.00 |
21.34 |
|
5 |
1992-93 |
40,278 |
1396.00 |
3.47 |
5 |
1993 |
43310 |
23726.76 |
54.78 |
|
6 |
1993-94 |
40,278 |
10002.00 |
24.83 |
6 |
1994 |
43310 |
27620.00 |
63.77 |
|
7 |
1994-95 |
40,278 |
12604.00 |
31.29 |
7 |
1995 |
43310 |
26901.00 |
62.11 |
|
8 |
1995-96 |
40,278 |
15304.00 |
38.00 |
8 |
1996 |
43310 |
32019.00 |
73.93 |
|
9 |
1996-97 |
40,278 |
18530.00 |
46.01 |
9 |
1997 |
43310 |
33988.00 |
78.48 |
|
10 |
1997-98 |
40,278 |
1100.00 |
2.73 |
10 |
1998 |
43310 |
37300.00 |
86.12 |
|
11 |
1998-99 |
40,278 |
16217.00 |
40.26 |
11 |
1999 |
43310 |
42000.00 |
96.98 |
|
12 |
1999-00 |
40,278 |
17455.00 |
43.34 |
12 |
2000 |
43310 |
40076.00 |
92.53 |
|
13 |
2000-01 |
40,278 |
7011.00 |
17.41 |
13 |
2001 |
43310 |
40076.00 |
92.53 |
|
14 |
2001-02 |
40,278 |
20691.00 |
51.37 |
14 |
2002 |
43310 |
25000.00 |
57.72 |
|
15 |
2002-03 |
40,278 |
13253.00 |
32.90 |
15 |
2003 |
43310 |
42997.00 |
99.28 |
|
16 |
2003-04 |
40,278 |
25457.00 |
63.20 |
16 |
2004 |
43310 |
42601.00 |
98.36 |
|
17 |
2004-05 |
40,278 |
29831.00 |
74.06 |
17 |
2005 |
43310 |
|
|
Note:-
1. Command area covered under Irrigation network by end of March 2004 is 43,310 Ha
2. Khariff – 100% = 43,310 Ha
3. 3.Rabi & Summer Crops = 40,278 Ha as 54% and 39% respectively, i.e. 93%
(Source: Water Resources Department, Govt. of Orissa)
F. Increase in Evaporation Loss
In Koraput district the evaporation factor was considered as: - July 12.5, August – 12.5, September – 12.5, October – 12.5, November – 11.5, December – 11.0, January – 12.5, February – 20.0, March – 21.0, April – 27.0, May – 27.0, June – 20.
Evaporation loss is calculated taking in to account the evaporation loss factor.
During 1946 to 1970, the evaporation loss was not appraisable. But now the evaporation loss has increased due to climatic change considerably. Now one will feel heat almost through out the year. Hence the evaporation factor needs revision. The evaporation loss is now increased due to climatic change causing loss / reduction of water in reservoirs. This has effected both generation and irrigation.
G.IMPACT ON GENERATION OF ELECTRICTY
Due to climatic change, the generation in all reservoirs have seriously effected. For example in Upper Kolab reservoir as per the Project report the rainfall, run-off data of 25 years, i.e. 1946 to 1970 was taken and the firm power (designed power to be generated taking into account 90% dependable year) was computed to be 95 MW, (i.e. the designed generation potential per year is 832.2 Million Unit). But due to climatic change the energy generated is reduced considerably, as explained below.
Reduction in Generation
The unit generated during financial year from the year of generation, i.e. 1988-89 is given below; which will clearly show the drastic reduction in generation (compared to designed energy potential, i.e. 832.2 MU)
|
Sl. No. |
Financial year (April to March |
Generation in Million Units |
%ge of generation compared to designed energy,i.e. 832.2 MU |
Remarks |
|
1 |
1988-89 |
843 |
101.30% |
Achieved designed energy |
|
2 |
1989-90 |
566 |
68.03% |
|
|
3 |
1990-91 |
744 |
89.94% |
|
|
4 |
1991-92 |
1077 |
129.45% |
Achieved designed energy |
|
5 |
1992-93 |
872 |
104.81% |
Achieved designed energy |
|
6 |
1993-94 |
631 |
75.84% |
|
|
7 |
1994-95 |
735 |
88.34% |
|
|
8 |
1995-96 |
1010 |
121.39% |
Achieved designed energy |
|
9 |
1996-97 |
727 |
87.38% |
|
|
10 |
1997-98 |
469 |
56.37% |
|
|
11 |
1998-99 |
434 |
52.16% |
|
|
12 |
1999-00 |
808 |
97.12% |
|
|
13 |
2000-01 |
520 |
62.50% |
|
|
14 |
2001-02 |
657 |
78.97% |
|
|
15 |
2002-03 |
497 |
59.74% |
|
|
16 |
2003-04 |
657 |
78.97% |
|
|
17 |
2004-05 |
896 |
107.69% |
Achieved designed energy |
|
18 |
2005-06 |
650 |
78.13% |
|
OBSERVATION
(a) During 18 years of generation, the designed energy has been achieved only 5 times, i.e. 27.78% times (This should be 90% as per the Project report).
(b) From 1996-97 to 2005-06. i.e. during the last 10 years, the designed energy is received only once. This clearly shows that the generation is decreasing year by year, in general.
The above figures clearly shows that there is drastic reduction in generation due to climatic change.
This is also the case with other reservoirs of undivided Koraput district.
H. Increase in water requirement of crops per Ha
Previously the water requirement for mixed crop was one cubic meter per sec (Cumecs) for 1445 Ha. But due to climatic change the water requirement has increased. Now one Cumecs water can irrigate 1000 Ha mixed crop only. Similarly the water requirement for paddy was one Cumecs for 1000 Ha. But now the water requirement is increased to 1.5 Cumecs. Thus the climatic change has resulted in decreased in irrigated area due to limitation of water in reservoirs.
7. IMPACT OF CLIMATIC CHANGE ON TRIBALS
Koraput district is a tribal dominated area. The tribals normally lives in forest environment and also depends on forest products. The massive deforestation and climate change have effected the tribal lively hood and thereby increase in poverty. The life style of tribals are also changed. Earlier this area was one of the coldest area of Odisha. But now the temperature is almost equal to other areas of Odisha. Thus increase in temperature not only change the life style but also there is increase in diseases. Thus there is severe impact on tribals.
8.CONCLUSION
Due to global warming, climate change is a normal Phenomena in all the regions/countries through out the world. But the unprecedented climate change in Koraput district is unparallel in the history of the world. The above datas/figures will give an idea about the unprecedented climate change in Koraput district. The main cause of such climate change is deforestation. I hope the administrators, politicians, intellectuals, researchers, environmentalist should think seriously about the drastic change in climatic condition of Koraput district and take necessary remedial measures
Last but not least, I can say SAVE THE FOREST AND SAVE KORAPUT DISTRICT ESPECIALLY TRIBALS FROM THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE.
N.N pANIGRAHY
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All our dreams can come true,