Hi Daniel,
Many file formats can support subdivision surfaces. Full support for subdivision surfaces would mean the following features are supported.
We have an extended .obj file format used inside of OpenSubdiv for testing purposes that supports these features, and packages like Maya support creases and other features with their OpenSubdiv implementation:
Here is an example of writing crease information from Maya into Alembic:
OpenSubdiv is more the math under the hood to make subdivision surfaces go, rather than something specific to a file format.
-Dirk