There isn't currently any public API to specify this behavior.
Curious to know more about your use case...
You are correct that OpenSubdiv currently requires an adaptive refinement in order to produce a parametric patch table that can evaluate arbitrary limit surface locations. Once you have such a patch table though, you can evaluate values and derivatives at any location (e.g. including at the locations where a uniform refinement would have produced vertices).
You are on the right track, since LImitStencilTable simply captures the evaluation of a patch table at an arbitrary location and converts it into a simpler table of linear weights.
Take a look at the uncommitted tutorial at:
to see a couple other examples of how to structure evaluation of the surface at regular locations. The --adaptive option uses the parametric patch table directly to evaluate locations on the adaptive refinement, while the --uniform option uses regular uniform subdivision, but snaps the computed positions and derivatives onto the limit surface using the primvar refiner directly instead of using either patch tables or stencil tables.
Thanks!
-David