Just in case someone has the same issue - I set up an openhab instance on a raspberry pi and created / edited the config files on my windows machine with Notepad++ via TotalCommander SFTP plugin.
Somehow my item configuration files got corrupted, giving me something like this in the openhab log whenever i tried to load the web site or pushed the test switch:
22:46:10.329 DEBUG o.o.m.i.i.GenericItemProvider[:133] - Read items from model 'knx.items'
22:46:10.336 DEBUG o.o.m.i.i.GenericItemProvider[:133] - Read items from model 'tcp.items'
22:46:10.343 DEBUG o.o.m.i.i.GenericItemProvider[:133] - Read items from model 'fritzbox.items'
22:46:28.515 WARN o.o.u.w.i.r.SwitchRenderer[:70] - Cannot determine item type of 'Testlampe'
org.openhab.core.items.ItemNotFoundException: Item 'Testlampe' could not be found in the item registry
at org.openhab.core.internal.items.ItemRegistryImpl.getItem(ItemRegistryImpl.java:80)
at org.openhab.ui.internal.items.ItemUIRegistryImpl.getItem(ItemUIRegistryImpl.java:517)
at org.openhab.ui.webapp.internal.render.SwitchRenderer.renderWidget(SwitchRenderer.java:57)
at org.openhab.ui.webapp.internal.render.PageRenderer.renderWidget(PageRenderer.java:158)
at org.openhab.ui.webapp.internal.render.PageRenderer.processChildren(PageRenderer.java:121)
at org.openhab.ui.webapp.internal.render.PageRenderer.processChildren(PageRenderer.java:138)
at org.openhab.ui.webapp.internal.render.PageRenderer.processPage(PageRenderer.java:86)
at org.openhab.ui.webapp.internal.servlet.WebAppServlet.service(WebAppServlet.java:126)
at org.eclipse.equinox.http.servlet.internal.ServletRegistration.service(ServletRegistration.java:61)
at org.eclipse.equinox.http.servlet.internal.ProxyServlet.processAlias(ProxyServlet.java:128)
at org.eclipse.equinox.http.servlet.internal.ProxyServlet.service(ProxyServlet.java:60)
22:46:28.542 ERROR o.o.u.i.i.ItemUIRegistryImpl[:401] - Cannot retrieve item 'Testlampe' for widget org.openhab.model.sitemap.Switch
22:46:28.560 ERROR o.o.u.i.i.ItemUIRegistryImpl[:401] - Cannot retrieve item 'Testlampe' for widget org.openhab.model.sitemap.Switch
22:46:28.568 ERROR o.o.u.i.i.ItemUIRegistryImpl[:401] - Cannot retrieve item 'Testlampe' for widget org.openhab.model.sitemap.Switch
22:46:28.578 ERROR o.o.u.i.i.ItemUIRegistryImpl[:401] - Cannot retrieve item 'Testlampe' for widget org.openhab.model.sitemap.Switch
22:46:30.137 WARN o.o.u.w.i.servlet.CmdServlet[:100] - Received command 'TOGGLE' for item 'Testlampe', but the item does not exist in the registry
22:46:31.833 WARN o.o.u.w.i.servlet.CmdServlet[:100] - Received command 'TOGGLE' for item 'Testlampe', but the item does not exist in the registry
(Using logback_debug.xml)
After some investigation it turned out to be the UTF-8 byte order mark (BOM), thats was confusing openhab. If you create config files with Notepad++, make sure you chose "UTF-8 without BOM" from the encoding menu.
I tried with and without BOM and removing it solved the issue.