Formal ontologies are one of the applications of formal methods in science and technology. We start with a system of terms and formalize their relationships, and sometimes definitions, moving along the path of formalizing theoretical knowledge about the subject area.
Here [1] is a wonderful article about the application of formal methods to the specification of IT protocols.
A brilliant example of what we encounter when formalizing project information, which in a broad sense is also knowledge.
Let me cite Conclusion:
"Formal methods offer methodologies and tools to rigorously specify protocols, verify parts of them, and even test their specifications and implementations. Numerous success stories demonstrate that these benefits can be achieved in practice, reducing the costs associated with fixing bugs and vulnerabilities. However, several obstacles prevent their wider adoption and use by non-experts. In this article, we identified the gaps that prevent this adoption and described directions that can be taken to narrow the gap."
Enjoy,
Alex
[1] It Takes a Village: Bridging the Gaps between Current and Formal Specifications for Protocols