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Dante Alighieri (Italian: [?dante ali??j??ri]), probably
baptized Durante di Alighiero degli Alighieri[note 1] and often referred
to simply as Dante (/?d??nte?, ?dænte?, ?dænti/,[2][3] also US:
/?d??nti/,[4]; c.?1265 – 1321), was an Italian poet, writer and
philosopher.[5] His Divine Comedy, originally called Comedìa (modern
Italian: Commedia) and later christened Divina by Giovanni Scarica e
leggi online De vulgari eloquentia pdf Boccaccio, is widely considered
the most important poem of the Middle Ages and the greatest literary
work in the Italian language.[6][7]
Dante is known for establishing the use of the vernacular
in literature at a time when most poetry was written in Latin, making it
accessible only to the most Scarica e leggi online De vulgari
eloquentia pdf educated readers. His De vulgari eloquentia (On Eloquence
in the Vernacular) was one of the first scholarly defenses of the
vernacular. His use of the Tuscan dialect for works such as The New Life
(1295) and Divine Comedy helped establish the modern-day standardized
Italian language, and set a precedent that Scarica e leggi online De
vulgari eloquentia pdf important later Italian writers such as Petrarch
and Boccaccio would
follow.
Dante was instrumental in establishing the literature of
Italy, and his depictions of Hell, Purgatory and Heaven provided
inspiration for the larger body of Western art.[8][9] He is cited as an
influence on Geoffrey Chaucer, John Milton and Alfred Scarica e leggi
online De vulgari eloquentia pdf Tennyson, among many others. In
addition, the first use of the interlocking three-line rhyme scheme, or
the terza rima, is attributed to him. He is described as the "father" of
the Italian language,[10] and in Italy he is often referred to as il
Sommo Poeta ("the Supreme Poet"). Dante, Petrarch, Scarica e leggi
online De vulgari eloquentia pdf and Boccaccio are also called the tre
corone ("three crowns") of Italian literature.
Dante was born in Florence, Republic of Florence, in what
is now Italy. The exact date of his birth is unknown, although it is
generally believed to be around 1265. This can be deduced from
autobiographic allusions Scarica e leggi online De vulgari eloquentia
pdf in the Divine Comedy. Its first section, the Inferno, begins, "Nel
mezzo del cammin di nostra vita" ("Midway upon the
journey of our
life"), implying that Dante was around 35 years old, since the average
lifespan according to the Bible (Psalm 89:10, Vulgate) is 70 years; and
since his imaginary Scarica e leggi online De vulgari eloquentia pdf
travel to the netherworld took place in 1300, he was most probably born
around 1265. Some verses of the Paradiso section of the Divine Comedy
also provide a possible clue that he was born under the sign of Gemini:
"As I revolved with the eternal twins, I saw revealed, from Scarica e
leggi online De vulgari eloquentia pdf hills to river outlets, the
threshing-floor that makes us so ferocious" (XXII 151–154). In 1265, the
sun was in Gemini between approximately May 11 and June 11 (Julian
calendar).[11]
Giovanni Boccaccio described Dante's appearance and
demeanor as follows: "the poet was of middle height, and in his later
years he walked Scarica e leggi online De vulgari eloquentia pdf
somewhat bent over, with a grave and gentle gait. He was clad always in
most seemly attire, such as befitted his ripe years. His face was long,
his nose aquiline,
and his eyes big rather than small. His jaws were
large, and his lower lip protruded. He had a brown Scarica e leggi
online De vulgari eloquentia pdf complexion, his hair and beard were
thick, black, and curly, and his countenance was always melancholy and
thoughtful."[12]
Dante claimed that his family descended from the ancient
Romans (Inferno, XV, 76), but the earliest relative he could mention by
name was Cacciaguida degli Elisei (Paradiso, XV, 135), born no earlier
Scarica e leggi online De vulgari eloquentia pdf than about 1100.
Dante's father, Alighiero[13] or Alighiero di Bellincione, was a White
Guelph who suffered no reprisals after the Ghibellines won the Battle of
Montaperti in the middle of the 13th century. This suggests that
Alighiero or his family may have enjoyed some protective prestige and
status, although some suggest Scarica e leggi online De vulgari
eloquentia pdf that the politically inactive Alighiero was of such low
standing that he was not considered worth exiling.[14]
Dante's family was loyal to the Guelphs, a political
alliance that supported the Papacy and which was involved in complex
opposition to the
Ghibellines, who were backed by the Holy Roman
Emperor. The Scarica e leggi online De vulgari eloquentia pdf poet's
mother was Bella, probably a member of the Abati family.[13] She died
when Dante was not yet ten years old, and Alighiero soon married again,
to Lapa di Chiarissimo Cialuffi. It is uncertain whether he really
married her, since widowers were socially limited in such matters, but
this woman Scarica e leggi online De vulgari eloquentia pdf definitely
bore him two children, Dante's half-brother Francesco and half-sister
Tana (Gaetana). When Dante was 12, he was
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