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Not all air-cleaning devices are appropriate for home use; some are known to be harmful to human and animal health. Ozone generators, which are portable or in-duct air cleaners that intentionally create ozone, can produce levels that are much higher than health-based standards. There are companies that try to sell the idea that breathing ozone is actually healthy, but there are 40 years of scientific studies that show even relatively low concentrations of ozone are harmful to biological tissue in plants and animals, including humans. It is well-documented that ozone can cause respiratory tract irritation and inflammation, serious breathing difficulty including asthma, permanent lung damage, and cardiovascular effects. The American Lung Association has concluded that breathing even low levels of ozone increases the risk of premature death.
In 2008, CARB enacted an air cleaner regulation to limit the ozone emissions from indoor air cleaning devices. The regulation requires all indoor air cleaners sold in California to be certified by CARB, including air cleaners sold online. Approved air cleaners are listed at California Certified Air Cleaning Devices, which is regularly updated. Approved air cleaners must also show a label on the packaging similar to the sample label shown below. Even though fully-integrated in-duct air cleaning devices are currently exempted from the regulation, some in-duct devices may create ozone at unhealthy levels. CARB is amending the air cleaner regulation to include in-duct devices in the future. For more information on the regulation, please read the Frequently Asked Questions.
In addition to CARB certification, there are other factors to consider in selecting a suitable air cleaner. It's important to choose an air cleaner with a Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR) that matches the size of the space you want to clean. So, check both the certified list and the information in the sections below to make the best choice for your needs.
If you need further assistance after reviewing these links, contact us at (916) 445-0753. If you are interested in upcoming activities related to the regulation, subscribe to the Air Cleaner Regulation Topic or contact us at aircl...@arb.ca.gov.
Cleaning actions are registered to run after the cleaner is notified that the object has become phantom reachable. The cleaner uses PhantomReference and ReferenceQueue to be notified when the reachability changes.
Each cleaner operates independently, managing the pending cleaning actions and handling threading and termination when the cleaner is no longer in use. Registering an object reference and corresponding cleaning action returns a Cleanable. The most efficient use is to explicitly invoke the clean method when the object is closed or no longer needed. The cleaning action is a Runnable to be invoked at most once when the object has become phantom reachable unless it has already been explicitly cleaned. Note that the cleaning action must not refer to the object being registered. If so, the object will not become phantom reachable and the cleaning action will not be invoked automatically.
The execution of the cleaning action is performed by a thread associated with the cleaner. All exceptions thrown by the cleaning action are ignored. The cleaner and other cleaning actions are not affected by exceptions in a cleaning action. The thread runs until all registered cleaning actions have completed and the cleaner itself is reclaimed by the garbage collector.
If the CleaningExample is used in a try-finally block then the close method calls the cleaning action. If the close method is not called, the cleaning action is called by the Cleaner when the CleaningExample instance has become phantom reachable. public class CleaningExample implements AutoCloseable // A cleaner, preferably one shared within a library private static final Cleaner cleaner = ; static class State implements Runnable State(...) // initialize State needed for cleaning action public void run() // cleanup action accessing State, executed at most once private final State state; private final Cleaner.Cleanable cleanable; public CleaningExample() this.state = new State(...); this.cleanable = cleaner.register(this, state); public void close() cleanable.clean(); The cleaning action could be a lambda but all too easily will capture the object reference, by referring to fields of the object being cleaned, preventing the object from becoming phantom reachable. Using a static nested class, as above, will avoid accidentally retaining the object reference.
Cleaning actions should be prepared to be invoked concurrently with other cleaning actions. Typically the cleaning actions should be very quick to execute and not block. If the cleaning action blocks, it may delay processing other cleaning actions registered to the same cleaner. All cleaning actions registered to a cleaner should be mutually compatible.
The cleaner creates a daemon thread to process the phantom reachable objects and to invoke cleaning actions. The context class loader of the thread is set to the system class loader. The thread has no permissions, enforced only if a SecurityManager is set.
Prior to purchasing an air cleaner, consumers are encouraged to ventilate areas when ambient outdoor air quality is good, and to eliminate or reduce airborne contaminants with help from this fact sheet: Reducing Your Exposure to Indoor Air Pollution.
Some consumer products also produce ozone levels that are much higher than CARB's health-protective standards. Such devices include some air cleaners, as well as ozone generators that purposefully produce high concentrations of ozone by design. Some companies even try to sell the idea that breathing ozone is actually healthy -- and use descriptions such as "super-oxygenated air", energized oxygen", or "activated oxygen." CARB has measured the amount of ozone produced by some consumer products and home appliances, including refrigerator air purifiers, fruit and vegetable washers, facial steams, shoe sanitizers, and a sanitizing wand, and found that some of them emit ozone at high levels that may result in health effects. While this was a limited study, there are many other types of consumer products that could emit harmful levels of ozone.
Since 2010, all portable indoor air cleaning devices sold to people or businesses in California are required to be certified by CARB. As of October 2020, electronic in-duct air cleaning devices are also subject to the regulation. To be certified, all air cleaners must be tested for electrical safety. Electronic air cleaners must also be tested for ozone emissions and meet an ozone emission concentration limit of 0.050 parts per million (50 ppb).
If you find an air cleaning device for sale in California (or for sale online with delivery available to California) that does not bear the certification label and/or is not on the list of CARB-certified air cleaning devices, please contact aircl...@arb.ca.gov.
Manufacturers of uncertified ozone-producing air cleaning devices manufactured, supplied to, offered for sale, introduced into commerce, or sold to people or businesses in California, in accordance with the industrial use exemptions outlined in section 94803(a) of the regulation, must label such industrial-use-only air cleaners with an advisory that reads: 'For industrial use only. Use only in unoccupied spaces. Health hazard: Emits ozone.'
Any indoor air cleaning device that is not for exempted industrial use, and that is advertised or sold via the Internet -- but has not been certified by CARB -- must display the following advisory in a prominent place on the primary advertising page: "Does not meet California air cleaner regulation requirements: cannot be shipped to California". This information should be provided to the consumer prior to entering their purchase information.
If you find an air cleaning device for sale online that does not bear either the CARB certification label or the above advisory, please contact aircl...@arb.ca.gov. Such devices cannot be sold to people or businesses in California. In order to maintain a level playing field for all manufacturers and retailers of air purifiers, CARB relies on members of the public to share information with us regarding the sale of uncertified devices in the state.
In addition to CARB certification, there are other factors to consider in selecting a suitable air cleaner. For example, it's important to choose an air cleaner with a clean air delivery rate (CADR) that matches the size of the space you want to clean. So, to make the best choice for your needs, check both the list of California certified devices and the following resources:
CARB encourages those interested in the California air cleaner regulation to subscribe to the Air Cleaner Regulation topic, in order to receive email notification of all notices given and actions taken related to the implementation of this regulation. If you have further questions, contact aircl...@arb.ca.gov.
Cleaner in Cambridge English dictionary means: "a person whose job is to clean houses, offices, public places, etc.:"[1], in Collins dictionary: "A cleaner is someone who is employed to clean the rooms and furniture inside a building."[2] However, a cleaner does not always have to be employed and does not have to perform work for pay an example would be socially and charity cleaning for example free forest cleanup from garbage so the definitions of the cleaner word depend on the author. Word cleaner also means: "substance used for cleaning" e.g. oven cleaner and device used to clean e.g. an air cleaner.[2][3]
Cleaning operatives may specialize in cleaning particular things or places, such as window cleaners.[4] Cleaning operatives often work when the people who otherwise occupy the space are not around. They may clean offices at night or houses during the workday.
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