The Mummy Full Movie Internet Archive
Urbano Bozman
The Tebtunis Papyri Archive of Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley is the largest collection of texts on papyrus in the Americas. The phrase Tebtunis archive (uncapitalized) may also be used for the papyri from family archives found at Tebtunis.
The Tebtunis papyri are written in either Demotic Egyptian or Koine Greek and were found during a single expedition led by Bernard Pyne Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt, two British papyrologists in the winter of 1899/1900 at the village of ancient Tebtunis (near modern Umm-el-Baragat), Egypt.[1]The papyri can be divided into three groups based on their provenance: texts from the crocodile mummies, the town and from the temple of Soknebtunis, and the cartonnage of human mummies.
A large portion of the Tebtunis crocodile mummies come from the archive of the komogrammateus or village scribe, of the nearby village, Kerkeosiris, at the end of the 2nd century BC. The Menches papers make up the biggest part of the Crocodile Papyri. These papers are divided into two groups, administrative documents and correspondence. The administrative documents are long reports that detail the state of affairs of every square meter of the area surrounding Kerkeosiris. The correspondence section essentially includes official letters that were addressed to Menches by his superiors and peers in the Ptolemaic bureaucracy.[2]
There also exists a separate group of texts made up of forty-five private documents from the first half of the 1st century BC. These texts were found in five crocodile mummies that had been buried next to each other.
Grenfell and Hunt's first excavation in 1899 at the Temple of Tebtunis found 200 papyri. The papyri from the town are the most diverse, and they have provided us with literary fragments, including contracts, petitions, declarations, and tax receipts. Most of these papyri concern the priests of the crocodile god, Soknebtunis (Sobek of Tebtunis [3]), the central deity worshiped in the temples. These documents reveal what life was like for Tebtunis priests when Egypt was under Roman rule.
Grenfell and Hunt's second excavation, at the southwest necropolis, unearthed fifty mummy coffins where used papyri had been recycled in the manufacture. The papyri from the cartonnage covering human mummies date from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. Most of these documents can be traced back to Oxyrhynchus (modern-day El-Bahnasa), a small village to the north of Tebtunis. These texts are from village officials, the village scribe, and the guards.
Two papyri have been found that provide evidence regarding two officials, Apion and Kronion, who were in charge of the village record office in Tebtunis during the first half of the 1st century AD. This provides us with more information about certain events in the village of Tebtunis. These documents have been published in two volumes of Papyri from Tebtunis. The village record was directed by Apion from 7 AD to at least 25 AD and by 43 AD it was under the direction of Kronion, son of Apion, until 52 AD.[4]
The Tebtunis papyri frequently provide useful light on the usage of Koine Greek in the New Testament period. For example, the verb authentein, "to have authority", a hapax legomenon in the New Testament, is documented three times in relation to "bookkeepers having authority" in P.Fam.Tebt.15 (up to 114-15 AD).[5] Texts from the Tebtunis papyri are referenced in both LSJ and BDAG lexicons.
Seated in an apparent cross-legged position were the preserved, 7,000-year-old remains of a person discovered in the 21st century with skin, hair, and fragments of clothing still intact. At least, that's according to a widely circulated photo shared on X on Sept. 7, 2023, that, at the time of publication, had received more than 157,000 views:
A long-buried corpse, preserved by one of Earth's driest climates, Chile's Atacama Desert, where it has retained centuries-old skin, hair and clothing. Dated around 5020 BC.#archaeohistories pic.twitter.com/RKiybKWruH
Snopes determined through a reverse-image search that the above post was a screenshot of a photo shared to Reddit on Feb. 8, 2023. A further investigation of the same reverse image search revealed that the photograph was authentic and published by National Geographic on Aug. 14, 2012 (archived here). Information that accompanied the photograph read:
Naturally dehydrated corpses like this probably inspired the region's ancient Chinchorro people to actively mummify their dead, scientists speculate in a new study. The practice, researchers suggest, took off during a time of natural plenty and population growth, when the Chinchorro were better able to innovate and develop culturally.
Submitted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1998, the Atacama's human ties date back to at least 10,000 B.C.E. One such group were the Chinchorro people, an ancient South American hunter-gatherer group known to have "walked in the land of the dead." Across Chile's Atacama Desert, thousands of shallow graves encapsulated humans, images of whom would later permeate the internet due to their still-preserved, and in some instances alien-like, characteristics.
This unique preservation is made possible by the environmental characteristics of the Atacama Desert, a desert plateau that stretches east from South America's Pacific coast to the Andes Mountains, encompassing an area roughly 49,000 square miles. It is considered the world's driest nonpolar desert, which has created an environment that is hostile, yet ripe for preserving bodies.
They are websites dedicated to preserving the internet. For example, a journalist may wish to preserve a page exactly as it appears TODAY and do not want it altered or deleted. But archive sites are also a great way to save your personal work.
For example, The Silents Majority was THE silent film website back in the 1990s and early 2000s but it went down in 2003 or thereabouts. Fortunately, you can read the entire site using the Wayback Machine.
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